Jonah: Jonah, Chapter 3 Technical Notes

Jonah

Text with Notes and Translations

The Greek text is from http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/septuagint/default.asp.

The Greek notes are derived from Taylor, Bernard A., Analytical Lexicon to the Septuagint, Expanded Edition (Hendrickson, Peabody, MA: 2014) 591 pages.

The first translation is intended to follow the Greek idiom in as woodenly literal a means as possible. The verb-subject-object (VSO) construction will be hard for many readers to follow.

The second translation is intended to follow modern English idiom. Much thought went into the physical and psychological context. For example: the men are struggling with a raging, roaring perfect storm. The noise of the sea is deafening. The men themselves are pressed to the limits of their emotional and muscular abilities. In near panic, it is impossible to believe that they merely call out in loud strong voices. They scream, they shriek just to be heard above the roar of the storm and the cacophony that fills their own minds: they are all about to die, and they know it. Similarly, Jonah is taxed to the limits of his faith: in the last chapter we find Jonah on the brink of insanity, as he prioritizes the value of a plant above human life, and above the will of God.

Jonah Chapter 3

3:1 Καὶ ἐγένετο[1] Λόγος Κυρίου πρὸς Ἰωνᾶν ἐκ δευτέρου[2] λέγων·

And presented Himself He Word of Lord before Jonah out of second time saying,

The Word of the Lord presented Himself before Jonah a second time,

3:2 ἀνάστηθι[3] καὶ πορεύθητι[4] εἰς Νινευὴ τὴν πόλιν[5] τὴν μεγάλην[6] καὶ κήρυξον[7] ἐν αὐτῇ κατὰ[8] τὸ κήρυγμα[9] τὸ ἔμπροσθεν[10], ὃ[11] ἐγὼ ἐλάλησα[12] πρὸς σε.

“Stand up you and be run or rushed you into Nineveh the city the great and proclaim in her according the proclamation the formerly set down which I spoke I before you.”

“Stand up! Be rushed[13] to Nineveh, the great city! Cry out to her according to the former proclamation, which I spoke to you!”[14]

3:3 καὶ ἀνέστη[15] Ἰωνᾶς καὶ ἐπορεύθη[16] εἰς Νινευή, καθὰ[17] ἐλάλησε[18] Κύριος· ἡ δὲ[19] Νινευὴ ἦν[20] πόλις[21] μεγάλη[22] τῷ Θεῷ ὡσεὶ[23] πορείας[24] ὁδοῦ[25] τριῶν[26] ἡμερῶν[27].

And, stood up he, Jonah, and was run he into Nineveh just as spoke He Lord. Now Nineveh was it city great: to the god about of run of road three days.

Jonah stood up and was rushed to Nineveh, just as the Lord required. Now Nineveh was a great city: to God about a three day’s run by road.[28]

3:4 καὶ ἤρξατο[29] Ἰωνᾶς τοῦ εἰσελθεῖν[30] εἰς τὴν πόλιν[31] ὡσεὶ[32] πορείαν[33] ἡμέρας[34] μιᾶς[35] καὶ ἐκήρυξε[36] καὶ εἶπεν· ἔτι[37] τρεῖς[38] ἡμέραι καὶ Νινευὴ καταστραφήσεται[39].

And began he Jonah to enter into the city about of run of days of one and proclaimed he and said he, yet of three days and Nineveh will be overthrown it.

Jonah began to enter the city about one day’s run. He proclaimed, “Three more days and Nineveh will be overthrown.”

3:5 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν[40] οἱ ἄνδρες[41] Νινευὴ τῷ Θεῷ καὶ ἐκήρυξαν[42] νηστείαν[43] καὶ ἐνεδύσαντο[44] σάκκους[45] ἀπὸ μεγάλου[46] αὐτῶν ἕως[47] μικροῦ[48] αὐτῶν.

And believed they the men (warriors) of Nineveh in the God and proclaimed they a fast and wore they sacks from of large of them unto of small of them.

The men of Nineveh believed in God. They proclaimed a fast and wore sacks, from the large among them to the small among them.

3:6 καὶ ἤγγισεν[49] ὁ λόγος πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα[50] τῆς Νινευή, καὶ ἐξανέστη[51] ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου[52] αὐτοῦ καὶ περιείλετο[53] τὴν στολὴν[54] αὐτοῦ ἀφ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ[55] καὶ περιεβάλετο[56] σάκκον[57] καὶ ἐκάθισεν[58] ἐπὶ[59] σποδοῦ[60].

And reached it the word before the king of Nineveh, and arose and left he from the throne his and removed he the robe his from himself and threw around himself he a sack and sat he upon of ashes.

The news reached the king of Nineveh. He arose from his throne; removed his robe himself; threw a sack around himself, and sat on ashes.

3:7 καὶ ἐκηρύχθη[61] καὶ ἐρρέθη ἐν τῇ Νινευὴ παρὰ[62] τοῦ βασιλέως[63] καὶ παρὰ τῶν μεγιστάνων[64] αὐτοῦ λέγων· οἱ ἄνθρωποι[65] καὶ τὰ κτήνη[66] καὶ οἱ βόες[67] καὶ τὰ πρόβατα[68] μὴ[69] γευσάσθωσαν[70] μηδὲ[71] νεμέσθωσαν[72] μηδὲ ὕδωρ[73] πιέτωσαν[74].

And was proclaimed it and was said it in the Nineveh in the presence of the king and in the presence of the magistrates its saying, “The men and the animals and the cattle and the sheep might neither eat they nor graze they nor water drink they.”

It was proclaimed and reported[75] throughout Nineveh, in the presence of the king, and in the presence of the magistrates, “Men, animals, cattle, and sheep may neither eat nor graze nor drink water.”

3:8 καὶ περιεβάλλοντο[76] σάκκους[77] οἱ ἄνθρωποι[78] καὶ τὰ κτήνη[79], καὶ ἀνεβόησαν[80] πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἐκτενῶς[81]· καὶ ἀπέστρεψαν[82] ἕκαστος[83] ἀπὸ τῆς ὁδοῦ[84] αὐτῶν τῆς πονηρᾶς[85] καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀδικίας[86] τῆς ἐν χερσὶν[87] αὐτῶν λέγοντες

And were being covered they sacks the men and the animals and called they before the God assiduously and turned away they each from the road of them, the wickedness and from the unrighteousness of the in hands of them saying,

The men and the animals were being covered with sacks. They called assiduously before God, as each turned away from their wicked road, as well as from the unrighteousness of their hands,

3:9 τίς[88] οἶδεν[89] εἰ[90] μετανοήσει[91] ὁ Θεὸς καὶ ἀποστρέψει[92] ἐξ ὀργῆς[93] θυμοῦ[94] αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐ[95] μὴ[96][97] ἀπολώμεθα[98];

“Who knows he if relent will He, The God, and turn away will He out of wrath of burning of Him and not absolutely, completely be destroyed, we ourselves.”

“Who knows if God will relent and turn away from His burning wrath and we ourselves might not completely be destroyed.”

3:10 καὶ εἶδεν[99] ὁ Θεὸς τὰ ἔργα[100] αὐτῶν, ὅτι[101] ἀπέστρεψαν[102] ἀπὸ τῶν ὁδῶν[103] αὐτῶν τῶν πονηρῶν[104], καὶ μετενόησεν[105] ὁ Θεὸς ἐπὶ[106] τῇ κακίᾳ[107], ᾗ[108] ἐλάλησε[109] τοῦ ποιῆσαι[110] αὐτοῖς, καὶ οὐκ[111] ἐποίησε.

And sees He the God the works of them that turned away they from the roads of them the wickedness and relented He the God upon the evil which promised He of to do to them and not do He.

God saw their works, that they turned away from their wicked roads. God relented of the evil which He promised to do to them, and He did not [do it].

[112]

[1] ἐγένετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular

ἐγενήθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

γίνομαι, γίνεσθαι, or γίγνεσθαι: to be born, begotten, created, done; to come about, happen, take place, become; to fall, belong, turn into; with deity speaking, always in the sense of creation (when God speaks, new artifacts appear: either physical objects, spiritual realities, or words which may be recorded as Scripture, acts of inspiration), formal presentation. 1:1, 4; 3:1; 4:8, 10 – 5x.

[2] δευτέρου, numerical adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular of δεύτερος, -α, ον: second; second time, again. 3:1 – 1x.

[3] ἀνάστα, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνάστηθι, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνέστη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἀνίστημι, ἀνιστᾶν, or ἀνιστάναι: stand up, get up; rise up, (from reclining or sitting; death or sleep), arise. The context may imply sloth. In English the context would almost certainly imply sloth. However, Jonah is a prophet, quite possibly also a scribe, usually found working in the sitting position. In the face of certain death, Jonah seems to display an insensitive nonchalance. 1:2, 3, 6; 3:2, 3 – 5x.

[4] ἐπορεύετο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person singular

ἐπορεύθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

πορεύῃ, verb, present middle or passive indicative or subjunctive, second person singular

πορεύθητι, verb, aorist passive imperative, second person singular

πορεύομαι or πορεύεσθαι: to go, march, walk; in the context of stormy water that follows, go does not seem up to the job; roar, run, rush. The change to passive is also striking: be carried, be gone, be rushed. 1:2, 8, 11, 13; 3:2, 3 – 6x (see πορεία: trip. 3:3, 4 – 2x; and πορεῖoν: conveyance; wagon, not in Jonah).

[5] πόλει, , noun, feminine dative singular

πόλεως, noun, feminine genitive singular

πόλιν, noun, feminine accusative singular

πόλις, noun, feminine nominative singular

πόλις, -εως: city, town? 1:2; 3:2, 3, 4; 4:5, 5, 5, 11

[6] μέγα, adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular

μεγάλη, adjective, feminine nominative singular

μεγάλην, adjective, feminine accusative singular

μεγάλης, adjective, feminine genitive singular

μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular

μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular

μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1; 3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.

[7] ἐκήρυξαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐκήρυξε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἐκηρύχθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

κήρυξον, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

κηρύσσω or κηρύσσειν: to cry or shout out; announce, declare, demand, dictate, preach, proclaim, require. 1:2; 3:2, 4, 5, 7

[8] κατὰ, adverb or preposition, indeclensionate from κατά: down from; according; accordingly to or from established or set positions or references in space or time or standards of law, logic, or philosophy. 3:2 – 1x. prefixed 1:3, 5; 2:1, 7, 9; 3:4; 4:11 – 7x.

[9] κήρυγμα, noun, neuter nominative singular of κήρυγμα, -ατος: proclamation; announcement, edict, message, preaching, sermon. 3:2 1x.

[10] ἔμπροσθεν, adverb or preposition, indeclensionate of ἔμπροσθεν: formerly, former, previously, previous; before; in front. 3:2 – 1x.

[11] ἣ, relative pronoun, feminine nominative singular

ᾗ, relative pronoun, feminine dative singular

ἧς, relative pronoun, feminine accusative singular

ὃ, relative pronoun, neuter nominative singular

ὃν, relative pronoun, masculine accusative singular

ὃς, relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular

ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, whom, which, what, that. 1:9, 14; 2:7; 3:2, 10; 4:10, 10, 11 – 8x.

[12] ἐλάλησα, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular

ἐλάλησε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

λαλέω or λαλεῖν: speak, tell; proclaim. Even though there is an obvious relationship between λέγω and λαλέω, it is difficult to put a finger on the exact nature of that relationship. Λαλέω seems to focus on the act; while λέγω appears to concentrate on introducing the act. The obvious onomatopoeia seems to reinforce this differentiation: for speech is so much λα λα λα, or blah blah blah. Still, no hard and fast rule is observed. 3:2, 3, 10 – 3x.

[13] The expression sounds strange until we consider the possibility that Jonah is expected to take the express camel, donkey, rickshaw, sedan chair, stagecoach, or other device that operated by running, or rushing, usually in relays.

[14] Although we reject the idea of direct dictation as a norm for the Divine-human conversation; in this particular instance, in this context, it appears that Yahweh has made known His proclamation in no uncertain terms, personal prophetic variation is not permitted here. In the word play with I, Jonah has concentrated on his own self-assertion; now Yahweh returns the favor as if to say, “Look here, mere earthling, mere human. I’ve heard quite enough of what you think and want. This is how it is going to go down. This is the way we roll.”

[15] ἀνάστα, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνάστηθι, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνέστη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

[16] ἐπορεύετο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person singular

ἐπορεύθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

πορεύῃ, verb, present middle or passive indicative or subjunctive, second person singular

πορεύθητι, verb, aorist passive imperative, second person singular

[17] καθὰ, adverb, indeclensionate from καθά: as, just as. 3:3 – 1x (possibly related to κατά).

[18] ἐλάλησα, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular

ἐλάλησε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

[19] δὲ, conjunction or particle, indeclensionate of δέ: mildly adversative; yet; but, rather after negative; introducing apodosis. 1:5; 2:10; 3:3; 4:11 – 4x; also used with negation: μηδὲ or μηδέ: yet not, 3:7, 7 – 2x; οὐδὲ: not even, 4:10 – 1x. Possibly related to the adjective μηδέις: no one or thing; and οὐδέις: no one, no way.

[20] εἶ, verb, present active indicative, second person singular

εἰμὶ, verb, present active indicative, first person singular

εἶναι, verb, present active infinitive

ἔσται, verb, future middle indicative, third person singular

ἐστί, ἐστὶν, verb, present active indicative, third person singular

ἦν, verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular

ὄντος, verb, present active participle, masculine or neuter genitive singular

εἰμί or εἶναι: to be, exist. 1:7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12; 2:1; 3:3; 4:2, 5, 6 – 12x.

[21] πόλει, , noun, feminine dative singular

πόλεως, noun, feminine genitive singular

πόλιν, noun, feminine accusative singular

πόλις, noun, feminine nominative singular

πόλις, -εως: city, town? 1:2; 3:2, 3, 4; 4:5, 5, 5, 11

[22] μέγα, adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular

μεγάλη, adjective, feminine nominative singular

μεγάλην, adjective, feminine accusative singular

μεγάλης, adjective, feminine genitive singular

μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular

μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular

μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1; 3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.

[23] ὡσεὶ, adverb, indeclensionate of ὡσεί: about. 3:3, 4 – 2x.

[24] πορείαν, noun, feminine accusative singular

πορείας, noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural

πορεία, -ας: journey, rush. 3:3, 4 – 2x.

[25] ὁδοῦ, noun, feminine genitive singular

ὁδῶν, noun, feminine genitive plural

of ὁδός, -οῦ: road; distance. 3:3, 8, 10 – 3x.

[26] τρεῖς, numerical adjective, masculine or feminine nominative or accusative plural

τριῶν, numerical adjective, masculine, feminine, or neuter genitive plural

τρεῖς, τρεῖς, τρία: three. 2:1, 1; 3:3, 4 – 4x.

[27] ἡμέραι, noun, feminine nominative plural

ἡμέρας, noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural

ἡμερῶν, noun, feminine genitive plural

ἡμέρα, -ας: day. 2:1; 3:3, 4, 4 – 4x.

[28] We must leave open the possibility that this means via fast sedan chair or horse drawn coach. God is urgent in His message; it is unlikely that He expects Jonah to walk. Thus our concept of scale must be enlarged. Walking might imply a city of thirty miles diameter. Transportation could increase this to sixty or ninety miles. We must look to archaeology for exact details of size and layout. By comparison NYC, Tokyo, Chicago, Atlanta, LA, Boston, D-FW, Philadelphia, Moscow, and Houston have theoretical diameters of 76, 63, 58, 58, 55, 51, 50, 50, 49, and 49 miles respectively. These estimates include populated areas far outside of these individual cities. By a stricter evaluation NYC, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and London would have theoretical diameters of only 20, 23, 33, and 28 miles. By any evaluation of land size, Nineveh was on par with any of today’s largest modern cities. In terms of population, Nineveh was much smaller than large modern cities, which is explained by Nineveh’s agricultural dependency: Nineveh was an aggregation of wealthy ranches and villas, as well as many smaller operations, and the poor. Moreover, Nineveh controlled Silk Road operation and taxation.

http://www.newgeography.com/content/004280-largest-world-cities-2014

http://seattlebubble.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/seattle_sister_cities.png

[29] ἤρξατο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular of ἄρχομαι or ἄρχειν: begin. 3:4 – 1x.

[30] εἰσελθεῖν, verb, aorist active infinitive of εἰσέρχομαι or εἰσέρχεσθαι: enter. 3:4 – 1x.

[31] πόλει, , noun, feminine dative singular

πόλεως, noun, feminine genitive singular

πόλιν, noun, feminine accusative singular

πόλις, noun, feminine nominative singular

πόλις, -εως: city, town? 1:2; 3:2, 3, 4; 4:5, 5, 5, 11

[32] ὡσεὶ, adverb, indeclensionate of ὡσεί: about. 3:3, 4 – 2x.

[33] πορείαν, noun, feminine accusative singular

πορείας, noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural

πορεία, -ας: journey, rush. 3:3, 4 – 2x.

[34] ἡμέραι, noun, feminine nominative plural

ἡμέρας, noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural

ἡμερῶν, noun, feminine genitive plural

ἡμέρα, -ας: day. 2:1; 3:3, 4, 4 – 4x.

[35] μιᾶς, numerical adjective, feminine genitive singular of εἷς, μία, ἕν: one. 3:4 – 1x.

[36] ἐκήρυξαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐκήρυξε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἐκηρύχθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

κήρυξον, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

κηρύσσω or κηρύσσειν: to cry or shout out; announce, declare, demand, dictate, preach, proclaim, require. 1:2; 3:2, 4, 5, 7

[37] ἔτι, adverb, indeclensionate from ἔτι: yet; still, no longer than, only. 3:4; 4:2 – 2x.

[38] τρεῖς, numerical adjective, masculine or feminine nominative or accusative plural

τριῶν, numerical adjective, masculine, feminine, or neuter genitive plural

τρεῖς, τρεῖς, τρία: three. 2:1, 1; 3:3, 4 – 4x.

[39] καταστραφήσεται, verb, future passive indicative, third person singular of καταστρέφω or καταστρέφειν (κατά + στρέφω): twisted or turned down; overthrow; suffer catastrophe. 3:4 – 1x.

[40] ἐπίστευσαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural of πιστεύω or πιστεύειν: 3:5 – 1x.

[41] ἄνδρες, noun, masculine nominative plural of ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός: man, masculine; husband. 1:10, 10, 13, 16; 3:5 – 5x (compare with ἄνθρωπος: humans, mankind, people. 3:7, 8 – 2x).

[42] ἐκήρυξαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐκήρυξε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἐκηρύχθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

κήρυξον, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

κηρύσσω or κηρύσσειν: to cry or shout out; announce, declare, demand, dictate, preach, proclaim, require. 1:2; 3:2, 4, 5, 7

[43] νηστείαν, noun, feminine accusative singular of νηστεία, -ας: fast. 3:5 – 1x.

[44] ἐνεδύσαντο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural of ἐνδύω or ἐνδύειν: clothe, wear; dress in, put on. 3:5 – 1x.

[45] σάκκον, noun, masculine accusative singular

σάκκους, noun, masculine accusative plural

σάκκος, -ου: bag, sack, sackcloth. 3:5, 6, 8 – 3x.

[46] μέγα, adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular

μεγάλη, adjective, feminine nominative singular

μεγάλην, adjective, feminine accusative singular

μεγάλης, adjective, feminine genitive singular

μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular

μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular

μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1; 3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.

[47] ἕως, adverb, conjunction, preposition ἕως or noun, feminine nominative singular of ἕως, ἕω: As a noun: dawn, early morning. Else: until, till; as far as (of space or time). 2:6; 3:5; 4:5, 9 – 4x.

[48] μικροῦ, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular μικρός, -οῦ: small; less. 3:5 – 1x.

[49] ἤγγισεν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of ἐγγίζω or ἐγγίζειν: approach, arrive; come to, reach. 3:6 – 1x.

[50] βασιλέα, noun, masculine accusative singular

βασιλέως, noun, masculine genitive singular

βασιλεύς, -έως: king. 3:6, 7 – 2x.

[51] ἐξανέστη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of ἐξανίστημι or ἐξανιστάναι: stood up out of; arise, rise. 3:6 – 1x.

[52] θρόνου, noun, masculine genitive singular of θρόνος, -ου: throne; bench, chair, seat. 3:6 – 1x.

[53] περιείλετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular of περιαιρέω or περιαιρεῖν: remove; take away pr off. 3:6 – 1x.

[54] στολὴν, noun, feminine accusative singular of στολή, -ῆς: robe; garment. 3:6 – 1x.

[55] ἑαυτοῦ, reflexive pronoun, masculine or neuter genitive singular

ἑαυτῷ, reflexive pronoun, masculine or neuter dative singular

ἑαυτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ: himself, herself, itself. 3:6; 4:5 – 2x.

[56] περιεβάλετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular

περιεβάλλοντο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural

περιβάλλω or περιβάλλειν: clothe; cover, dress. 3:6, 8 – 2x.

[57] σάκκον, noun, masculine accusative singular

σάκκους, noun, masculine accusative plural

σάκκος, -ου: bag, sack, sackcloth. 3:5, 6, 8 – 3x.

[58] ἐκάθισε(ν), aorist active indicative, third person singular of καθίζω or καθίζειν: sit; set, recline. 3:8; 4:5 – 2x (see κάθημαι).

[59] ἐπὶ, ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8, 9, 10 – 13x.

[60] σποδοῦ, noun, masculine genitive singular of σποδός, -οῦ: ashes 3:6 – 1x.

[61] ἐκήρυξαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐκήρυξε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἐκηρύχθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

κήρυξον, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

κηρύσσω or κηρύσσειν: to cry or shout out; announce, declare, demand, dictate, preach, proclaim, require. 1:2; 3:2, 4, 5, 7

[62] παρὰ, preposition, indeclensionate of παρά: alongside, beside, parallel; in the presence, substantiation, or witness of. 3:7, 7 – 2x.

[63] βασιλέα, noun, masculine accusative singular

βασιλέως, noun, masculine genitive singular

βασιλεύς, -έως: king. 3:6, 7 – 2x.

[64] μεγιστάνων, noun, masculine genitive plural of μεγιστάν, -ᾶνος: great ones; court, dignitaries, magistrates, officers, senators. 3:7 – 1x (see μέγας).

[65] ἄνθρωποι, noun, masculine nominative plural

ἀνθρώπου, noun, masculine genitive singular

ἀνθρώπων, noun, masculine genitive plural

ἄνθρώπος, -ου: 1:14; 3:7, 8; 4:11 – 4x.

[66] κτήνη, noun, neuter nominative or accusative plural of κτῆνος, -ους: animals; domestic animals. 3:7, 8; 4:11 – 3x.

[67] βόες, noun, masculine or feminine nominative plural of βοῦς, βοός: cow, cattle. 3:7 – 1x.

[68] πρόβατα, noun, neuter nominative or accusative plural of πρόβατον, -ου: sheep. 3:7 – 1x.

[69] μὴ, adverb, conjunction, or particle, indeclensionate from μή: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word, negating the word; introduces a question expecting a negative response; with οὐ expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in statements expressing hypotheses, possibility, subjectivity, thought, will. 1:6, 14, 14; 3:7, 9 – 5x; as a prefix 1:14; 3:7, 7 – 3x.

[70] γευσάσθωσαν, verb, aorist middle imperative, third person plural of γεύω or γεύειν: consume, eat, taste. 3:7 – 1x.

[71] δὲ, conjunction or particle, indeclensionate of δέ: mildly adversative; yet; but, rather after negative; introducing apodosis. 1:5; 2:10; 3:3; 4:11 – 4x; also used with negation: μηδὲ or μηδέ: yet not, 3:7, 7 – 2x; οὐδὲ: not even, 4:10 – 1x. Possibly related to the adjective μηδέις: no one or thing; and οὐδέις: no one, no way.

[72] νεμέσθωσαν, verb, present middle or passive imperative, third person plural of νέμω or νέμειν: graze. 3:7 – 1x.

[73] ὕδωρ, noun, neuter nominative or accusative singular of ὕδωρ, ὕδατος: water. 2:6; 3:7 – 2x.

[74] πιέτωσαν, verb, aorist active imperative, third person plural of πίνω or πίνειν: drink. 3:7 – 1x (see καταπίνω).

[75] The implication is that it was published in both writing and speech.

[76] περιεβάλετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular

περιεβάλλοντο, verb, imperfect passive indicative, third person plural

περιβάλλω or περιβάλλειν: clothe; cover, dress. 3:6, 8 – 2x.

[77] σάκκον, noun, masculine accusative singular

σάκκους, noun, masculine accusative plural

σάκκος, -ου: bag, sack, sackcloth. 3:5, 6, 8 – 3x.

[78] ἄνθρωποι, noun, masculine nominative plural

ἀνθρώπου, noun, masculine genitive singular

ἀνθρώπων, noun, masculine genitive plural

ἄνθρώπος, -ου: 1:14; 3:7, 8; 4:11 – 4x.

[79] κτήνη, noun, neuter nominative or accusative plural of κτῆνος, -ους: animals; domestic animals. 3:7, 8; 4:11 – 3x.

[80] ἀνεβόησαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐβόησα, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular

ἀνα-βοάω or ἀνα-βοάειν: to cry up, to cry; roar, scream, shout, yell. 1:5, 14; 2:3; 3:8 – 4x.

[81] ἐκτενῶς, adverb, indeclensionate of ἐκτενῶς: assiduously, zealously; fervently, mightily. 3:8 – 1x.

[82] ἀπέστρεψαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἀποστρέψει, verb, future active indicative, third person singular

ἀποστρέφω or ἀποστρέφειν: repent, turn back; return. 3:8, 9, 10 – 3x.

[83] ἕκαστος, adjective, masculine nominative singular of ἕκαστος, -η, -ον: each. 1:5, 7; 3:8 – 3x.

[84] ὁδοῦ, noun, feminine genitive singular

ὁδῶν, noun, feminine genitive plural

of ὁδός, -οῦ: road; distance. 3:3, 8, 10 – 3x.

[85] πονηρᾶς, adjective, feminine genitive singular

πονηρῶν, adjective, feminine genitive plural

πονηρός, -ά, -όν: evil, immorality, wickedness; offensive to natural law. 3:8, 10 – 2x.

[86] ἀδικίας, noun, feminine genitive singular of ἀδικία, -ας: breach of covenant, injustice, unrighteousness; offensive to moral law. 3:8 – 1x.

[87] χερσὶν, noun, feminine dative plural of χείρ, χειρός: hand, front foot; arm, control, power, rule. 3:8 – 1x.

[88] τί, interrogative pronoun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

τίνος, interrogative pronoun, genitive singular

τίς, τίς, τί: what, who, why; unaccented it becomes the indefinite pronoun, anyone, anything, someone, something. 1:6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11; 3:9; 4:5 – 8x.

[89] οἶδε(ν), verb, perfect active indicative, third person singular of οἶδα from εἴδω (an unused present tense), εἰδεῖν, or εἰδέναι: know. 3:9 – 1x.

[90] εἰ, conditional conjunctive particle, indeclensionate of εἰ: if. 3:9; 4:4, 9 – 3x.

[91] μετανοήσει, verb, future active indicative, third person singular

μετανοῶν, verb, present active participle, masculine nominative singular

μετενόησεν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

μετανοέω or μετανοεῖν: in human behavior, repent, to the rear march, not merely about face; a complete change of direction in life; in Divine behavior, relent. 3:9, 10; 4:2 – 3x.

[92] ἀπέστρεψαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἀποστρέψει, verb, future active indicative, third person singular

ἀποστρέφω or ἀποστρέφειν: repent, turn back; return. 3:8, 9, 10 – 3x.

[93] ὀργῆς, noun, feminine genitive singular of ὀργή, ῆς: anger; indignation, punitive rage, wrath. 3:9 – 1x.

[94] θυμοῦ, noun, masculine genitive singular of θυμός, οῦ: burning; a strong emotion or passion of the mind; determination, intention, resolution; anger, sorrow. 3:9 – 1x.

[95] οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, adverb, or particle, indeclensionate from οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, οὐχι: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word, negating the word; introduces a question expecting an affirmative response; with μὴ expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in statements expressing fact, objectivity, or statement. 1:6, 13; 3:9, 10; 4:2, 10. 11, 11 – 8x; as a prefix 4:10 – 1x.

[96] μὴ, adverb, conjunction, or particle, indeclensionate from μή: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word, negating the word; introduces a question expecting a negative response; with οὐ expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in statements expressing hypotheses, possibility, subjectivity, thought, will. 1:6, 14, 14; 3:7, 9 – 5x; as a prefix 1:14; 3:7, 7 – 3x.

[97] The combination οὐ μή creates a situation in which every extreme, either positive or negative is considered and denied; in which every possibility, either concrete or abstract, either hypothetical or real is evaluated and contradicted. Thus it forms the quintessential Greek idiom for absolute, complete, or perfect denial: philosophical impossibility, zero probability; or, in the reverse: absolute necessity, perfect probability of one (100%), totality. 1:6; 3:9 – 2x.

[98] ἀπολώμεθα, verb, aorist middle subjunctive, first person plural

ἀπώλετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular

ἀπολλύω or ἀπολλύειν: to let go or loose completely; destroy, free. 1:6, 14; 3:9; 4:10 – 4x.

[99] εἶδε(ν), aorist active indicative, third person singular of ὁράω or ἰδεῖν: see. 3:10 – 1x.

[100] ἔργα, noun, neuter nominative or accusative plural of ἔργον, ου: work, the outcome. 3:10 – 1x (see ἐργασία)

[101] ὅτι, conjunction, indeclensionate from ὅτι: causal, because; epexegetical, after verbs of believing, hoping, sensing; explanatory, that, so that; quotation, introducing direct or indirect comments. 1:2, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13; 3:10; 4:2, 3 – 9x.

[102] ἀπέστρεψαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἀποστρέψει, verb, future active indicative, third person singular

ἀποστρέφω or ἀποστρέφειν: repent, turn back; return. 3:8, 9, 10 – 3x.

[103] ὁδοῦ, noun, feminine genitive singular

ὁδῶν, noun, feminine genitive plural

of ὁδός, -οῦ: road; distance. 3:3, 8, 10 – 3x.

[104] πονηρᾶς, adjective, feminine genitive singular

πονηρῶν, adjective, feminine genitive plural

πονηρός, -ά, -όν: evil, immorality, wickedness; offensive to natural law. 3:8, 10 – 2x.

[105] μετανοήσει, verb, future active indicative, third person singular

μετανοῶν, verb, present active participle, masculine nominative singular

μετενόησεν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

μετανοέω or μετανοεῖν: in human behavior, repent, to the rear march, not merely about face; a complete change of direction in life; in Divine behavior, relent. 3:9, 10; 4:2 – 3x.

[106] ἐπὶ, ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8, 9, 10 – 13x.

[107] κακία, noun, feminine nominative singular

κακίᾳ, noun, feminine dative singular

κακίαις, noun, feminine dative plural

κακίας, noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural

κακία, -ας: generic evil, badness, evil, filthiness, wickedness. 1:2, 7, 8; 3:10; 4:2 – 5x.

[108] ἣ, relative pronoun, feminine nominative singular

ᾗ, relative pronoun, feminine dative singular

ἧς, relative pronoun, feminine accusative singular

ὃ, relative pronoun, neuter nominative singular

ὃν, relative pronoun, masculine accusative singular

ὃς, relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular

ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, whom, which, what, that. 1:9, 14; 2:7; 3:2, 10; 4:10, 10, 11 – 8x.

[109] ἐλάλησα, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular

ἐλάλησε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

[110] ἐποιήσαντο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural

ἐποίησας, verb, aorist active indicative, second person singular

ἐποίησε(v), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

πεποίηκας, verb, perfect active indicative, second person singular

ποιῆσαι, verb, aorist active infinitive

ποιήσομεν, verb, future active indicative, first person plural

ποιέω or ποιεῖν: create, do, make. 1:5, 9, 10, 11, 14; 3:10, 10; 4:5 – 8x (see also ποῖος).

[111] οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, adverb, or particle, indeclensionate from οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, οὐχι: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word, negating the word; introduces a question expecting an affirmative response; with μή expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in statements expressing fact, objectivity, or statement. 1:6, 13; 3:9, 10; 4:2, 10. 11, 11 – 8x; as a prefix 4:10 – 1x.

[112] If you have been blessed or helped by any of these meditations, please repost, share, or use any of them as you wish. No rights are reserved. They are designed and intended for your free participation. They were freely received, and are freely given. No other permission is required for their use.

Jonah

Monday, March 14, 2016

Jonah, Chapter 3 Technical Notes

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