Jonah: Jonah, Chapter 1 Technical Notes

Jonah

Text with Notes and Translations

The Greek text is from http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/septuagint/default.asp.

The Greek notes are derived from Taylor, Bernard A., Analytical Lexicon to the Septuagint, Expanded Edition (Hendrickson, Peabody, MA: 2014) 591 pages.

The first translation is intended to follow the Greek idiom in as woodenly literal a means as possible. The verb-subject-object (VSO) construction will be hard for many readers to follow.

The second translation is intended to follow modern English idiom. Much thought went into the physical and psychological context. For example: the men are struggling with a raging, roaring perfect storm. The noise of the sea is deafening. The men themselves are pressed to the limits of their emotional and muscular abilities. In near panic, it is impossible to believe that they merely call out in loud strong voices. They scream, they shriek just to be heard above the roar of the storm and the cacophony that fills their own minds: they are all about to die, and they know it. Similarly, Jonah is taxed to the limits of his faith: in the last chapter we find Jonah on the brink of insanity, as he prioritizes the value of a plant above human life, and above the will of God.

Jonah Chapter 1

1:1 Καὶ ἐγένετο[1] Λόγος[2] Κυρίου πρὸς Ἰωνᾶν τὸν τοῦ[3] Ἀμαθὶ[4] λέγων·[5]

And presented Himself He Word of Lord before Jonah the of Amathi saying, (note the VSO construction)

The Word of the Lord presented Himself before[6] Jonah of Amittai,

1:2 ἀνάστηθι[7] καὶ πορεύθητι[8] εἰς Νινευὴ τὴν πόλιν[9] τὴν μεγάλην[10] καὶ κήρυξον[11] ἐν αὐτῇ, ὅτι[12] ἀνέβη[13] ἡ κραυγὴ[14] τῆς κακίας[15] αὐτῆς πρὸς με.

“Stand up you and be run or rushed you into Nineveh the city the great and cry out you in her that ascended it the clamor of the wickedness, of her before me.”

“Stand up! Be rushed[16] to Nineveh, the great city! Cry out to her that the clamor of her wickedness came up before me!”

1:3 καὶ ἀνέστη[17] Ἰωνᾶς τοῦ φυγεῖν[18] εἰς Θαρσὶς ἐκ προσώπου[19] Κυρίου καὶ κατέβη[20] εἰς Ἰόππην καὶ εὗρε[21] πλοῖον[22] βαδίζον[23] εἰς Θαρσὶς καὶ ἔδωκε[24] τὸν ναῦλον[25] αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐνέβη[26] εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦ πλεῦσαι[27] μετ᾿[28] αὐτῶν εἰς Θαρσὶς ἐκ προσώπου Κυρίου.

And stood up he Jonah the of to flee[29] into Tarshish out of face of Lord and descended he into Joppa and found he a ship proceeding into Tarshish and gave he the ships fare of him and entered he into it of to sail with them into Tarshish out of face of Lord.

Jonah stood up in order to disappear, to escape, to hide from the presence of the Lord, from the Sh^əkinah, in Tarshish: he went down to Joppa, found a ship proceeding to Tarshish, paid his ship’s fare, and boarded it to sail with them to Tarshish, from the presence of the Lord, from the Sh^əkinah.

1:4 καὶ Κύριος ἐξήγειρε[30] πνεῦμα[31] μέγα[32] εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν[33], καὶ ἐγένετο[34] κλύδων[35] μέγας ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, καὶ τὸ πλοῖον[36] ἐκινδύνευε[37] τοῦ συντριβῆναι[38].

And Lord stirred up he wind big into the sea and presented it a wave big in the sea, and the ship danger was it of to be crushed.

The Lord stirred up a great wind[39] in the sea. Great waves, the perfect storm appeared[40] in the sea. The ship was at risk to be crushed.

1:5 καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν[41] οἱ ναυτικοὶ[42] καὶ ἀνεβόησαν[43] ἕκαστος[44] πρὸς τὸν θεὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκβολὴν[45] ἐποιήσαντο[46] τῶν σκευῶν[47] τῶν ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ[48] εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν[49] τοῦ κουφισθῆναι[50] ἀπ᾿[51] αὐτῶν. Ἰωνᾶς δὲ[52] κατέβη[53] εἰς τὴν κοίλην[54] τοῦ πλοίου καὶ ἐκάθευδε[55] καὶ ἔρρεγχε[56].

And made afraid were they the nautical ones and screamed they each before the god his and expendable made they themselves of the things of the in the ship into the sea of to be lightened from them. Jonah now descended he into the belly of the ship and began to sleep he and snored he.

The sailors were overcome with fear, and screamed[57], each to his god. They made the things in the ship expendable, to be unburdened of them in the sea. Even so, Jonah went down into the belly of the ship, and falling asleep, he snored.

1:6 καὶ προσῆλθε[58] πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ πρωρεὺς[59] καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ·[60] τί[61] σὺ ρέγχεις[62];[63] ἀνάστα[64] καὶ ἐπικαλοῦ[65] τὸν θεόν σου, ὅπως[66] διασώσῃ[67] ὁ θεὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ οὐ[68] μὴ[69][70] ἀπολώμεθα[71].

And approached he before him the captain and said he to him, “Why you snore? Get up and call upon you yourself the god yours that might save he the god us and not absolutely completely might be destroyed we ourselves.”

The captain confronted him. He said to him, “Why do you snore? Get up! Call upon your own god, so that the god[72] might spare us and we ourselves might not completely be destroyed.”

1:7 καὶ εἶπεν ἕκαστος[73] πρὸς τὸν πλησίον[74] αὐτοῦ· δεῦτε[75] βάλωμεν[76] κλήρους[77] καὶ ἐπιγνῶμεν[78] τίνος[79] ἕνεκεν[80] ἡ κακία[81] αὕτη ἐστὶν[82] ἐν ἡμῖν; καὶ ἔβαλον κλήρους, καὶ ἔπεσεν[83] ὁ κλῆρος ἐπὶ[84] Ἰωνᾶν.

And said he each before the shipmate his, “Come! Cast could we lots and discover would we, ‘what cause the evil she is it among us?’ ” And cast they lots and fell it the lot upon Jonah.

Each man said to his shipmate, “Come! Could we cast lots and we would find out, ‘What is the cause of this evil among us?’ ” They cast lots. The lot fell on Jonah.

1:8 καὶ εἶπον πρὸς αὐτόν· ἀπάγγειλον[85] ἡμῖν τίνος[86] ἕνεκεν[87] ἡ κακία[88] αὕτη ἐστὶν[89] ἐν ἡμῖν; τίς[90] σου ἡ ἐργασία[91] ἐστί; καὶ πόθεν[92] ἔρχῃ[93], καὶ τοῦ πορεύῃ[94], καὶ ἐκ ποίας[95] χώρας[96] καὶ ἐκ ποίου λαοῦ[97] εἶ σύ;

And said they before him, “Answer you us! What cause the evil this is it in us? What of you work is it? And from whence might come you and of the would run you and out of what kind of place and of what sort of people are you you?

They said to him, “Answer us! What is the cause of this evil among us? What is your work? Where might you come from and would you be rushed to; what nationality; what race are you?

1:9 καὶ εἶπε πρὸς αὐτούς· δοῦλος[98] Κυρίου εἰμὶ[99] ἐγὼ καὶ τὸν Κύριον Θεὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ[100] ἐγὼ σέβομαι[101], ὃς[102] ἐποίησε[103] τὴν θάλασσαν[104] καὶ τὴν ξηράν[105].

And said he before them, “servant of Lord am I I and the Lord God of the heaven I worship I Who created the sea and the sere.”

He said to them, “I am a servant of the Lord. I worship the Lord God of the heaven, Who created the sea and the sere.”

1:10 καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν[106] οἱ ἄνδρες[107] φόβον[108] μέγαν[109] καὶ εἶπον πρὸς αὐτόν· τί[110] τοῦτο ἐποίησας[111]; διότι[112] ἔγνωσαν[113] οἱ ἄνδρες, ὅτι[114] ἐκ προσώπου[115] Κυρίου ἦν[116] φεύγων[117], ὅτι ἀπήγγειλεν[118] αὐτοῖς.

And made afraid were they the men fear great and said they before him, “Why this did you? Because know they the men that from the face of Lord is he hiding since told he them.

The men were overcome with greater fear.[119] They said to him[120], “Why did you do this? (Since the men knew that he was hiding from the presence of the Lord, from the Sh^əkinah: for he told them [as much].)

1:11 καὶ εἶπον πρὸς αὐτόν· τί[121] ποιήσομέν[122] σοι καὶ κοπάσει[123] ἡ θάλασσα[124] ἀφ᾿ ἡμῶν; ὅτι[125] ἡ θάλασσα ἐπορεύετο[126] καὶ ἐξήγειρε[127] μᾶλλον[128] κλύδωνα[129].

And said they before him, “What do will we to you and appeased will it be, the sea from us: for the sea runs, it does, and stirs up it does more wave.

They said to him, “What will we do with you, so that the sea will be appeased for us? For the sea rushes. It stirs up more waves.[130]

1:12 καὶ εἶπεν Ἰωνᾶς πρὸς αὐτούς· ἄρατέ[131] με καὶ ἐμβάλετέ[132] με εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν[133], καὶ κοπάσει[134] ἡ θάλασσα ἀφ᾿ ὑμῶν· διότι[135] ἔγνωκα[136] ἐγὼ ὅτι[137] δι᾿[138] ἐμὲ ὁ κλύδων[139] ὁ μέγας[140] οὗτος ἐφ᾿[141] ὑμᾶς ἐστι[142].

And said he Jonah before them (in their presence, to their faces), “Pick up you me and throw you me into the sea and appeased will it be the sea from you because know I I that through me the wave the big this upon you is it.

Jonah said to them, “Pick me up and throw me into the sea. So the sea will be appeased for you; because I know that through me these great waves are upon you.

1:13 καὶ[143] παρεβιάζοντο[144] οἱ ἄνδρες[145] τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι[146] πρὸς τὴν γῆν[147] καὶ οὐκ[148] ἠδύναντο[149], ὅτι[150] ἡ θάλασσα[151] ἐπορεύετο[152] καὶ ἐξηγείρετο[153] μᾶλλον[154] ἐπ᾿[155] αὐτούς.

And struggled futily they the men to turn before the land and not able were they because the sea ran did it and was stirred up was it more upon them.

The men struggled in vain to turn toward land; yet, they were not able, because the sea rushed and was stirred up more against them.

1:14 καὶ ἀνεβόησαν[156] πρὸς Κύριον καὶ εἶπαν· μηδαμῶς[157], Κύριε, μὴ[158] ἀπολώμεθα[159] ἕνεκεν[160] τῆς ψυχῆς[161] τοῦ ἀνθρώπου[162] τούτου, καὶ μὴ δῷς[163] ἐφ᾿[164] ἡμᾶς αἷμα[165] δίκαιον[166], διότι[167] σύ, Κύριε, ὃν[168] τρόπον[169] ἐβούλου[170], πεποίηκας[171].

And screamed they toward Lord and said they, “Powerlessly, Lord, not let be destroyed us because of the soul of the man this and not give you upon us blood righteous since you Lord Who conduct of wish you do you.”

They screamed to the Lord, “Lord, let us not, who are powerless, be destroyed for the soul of this man. Do not bring righteous blood upon us, since You, Lord, have always done [as] You wish in every way.”

1:15 καὶ ἔλαβον[172] τὸν Ἰωνᾶν καὶ ἐξέβαλον[173] αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν[174], καὶ ἔστη[175] ἡ θάλασσα ἐκ τοῦ σάλου[176] αὐτῆς.

And took they Jonah and threw out they him into the sea and stood it the sea out of the restlessness hers.

They took Jonah, threw him out into the sea, and the sea stopped her raging.

1:16 καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν[177] οἱ ἄνδρες[178] φόβῳ[179] μεγάλῳ[180] τὸν Κύριον καὶ ἔθυσαν[181] θυσίαν[182] τῷ Κυρίῳ καὶ ηὔξαντο[183] τὰς εὐχάς[184].

And made afraid were they the men fear great the Lord and offered they an offering to the Lord and prayed they the prayers.

The men were overcome with even greater fear [of] the Lord. They offered an offering to the Lord, and prayed [their] prayers.[185]

[186]

[1] ἐγένετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular

ἐγενήθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

γίνομαι, γίνεσθαι, or γίγνεσθαι: to be born, begotten, created, done; to come about, happen, take place, become; to fall, belong, turn into; with deity speaking, always in the sense of creation (when God speaks, new artifacts appear: either physical objects, spiritual realities, or words which may be recorded as Scripture, acts of inspiration), formal presentation. 1:1, 4; 3:1; 4:8, 10 – 5x.

[2] λόγοι, noun, masculine nominative plural

λόγος, noun, masculine nominative singular

λόγος, -ου: word, the spoken word, with several nuances; yet it need never be translated as anything but word; it invariably indicates the Second Person of the Trinity, Scripture, or ordinary human words in speech or writing. 1:1; 3:1, 6; 4:2 – 4x.

[3] The word for son, υἱός, occupies over twenty pages of Hatch, Edwin and Redpath, Henry, A Concordance to the Septuagint (Druck, Austria, 1897: 1504 pages, plus 272 page supplement). It is strange that this word is not found once in the Greek version of Jonah. The accusative article following πρός, followed immediately by the genitive article, appear to suffice as an idiomatic substitute for the word, son.

[4] Ἀμαθὶ, noun, masculine nominative singular, indeclensionate from Ἀμαθί: a proper name, Amathi; Jonah’s father (the Hebrew text has “ben,” son); the Greek word may come from a stem meaning ignorance, or stupidity and may be a pun about Jonah’s character, rather than his father’s actual name: for example, Mr. Stubborn. However, it is a transliteration of Hebrew, Amittai, which may mean my truth. We see the risk of pressing names for mystical meanings without a great deal of other support. 1:1

[5] The symbol, ·, is a semicolon; English usage may require a different punctuation.

[6] It seems to us that Jonah uses this expression, presented … before (ἐγένετο … πρὸς), rather frequently; and, πρὸς, by itself more than other authors usually do, this in places where other words (such as εἰς) would suffice. We believe that Jonah uses such a style to emphasize, the confrontational, get-down-to-business nature of this letter: it’s an “in-your-face” deal from the “get-go.”

[7] ἀνάστα, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνάστηθι, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνέστη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἀνίστημι, ἀνιστᾶν, or ἀνιστάναι: stand up, get up; rise up, (from reclining or sitting; death or sleep), arise. The context may imply sloth. In English the context would almost certainly imply sloth. However, Jonah is a prophet, quite possibly also a scribe, usually found working in the sitting position. In the face of certain death, Jonah seems to display an insensitive nonchalance. 1:2, 3, 6; 3:2, 3 – 5x.

[8] ἐπορεύετο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person singular

ἐπορεύθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

πορεύῃ, verb, present middle or passive indicative or subjunctive, second person singular

πορεύθητι, verb, aorist passive imperative, second person singular

πορεύομαι or πορεύεσθαι: to go, march, walk; in the context of stormy water that follows, go does not seem up to the job; roar, run, rush. The change to passive is also striking: be carried, be gone, be rushed. 1:2, 8, 11, 13; 3:2, 3 – 6x (see πορεία: trip. 3:3, 4 – 2x; and πορεῖoν: conveyance; wagon, not in Jonah).

[9] πόλει, , noun, feminine dative singular

πόλεως, noun, feminine genitive singular

πόλιν, noun, feminine accusative singular

πόλις, noun, feminine nominative singular

πόλις, -εως: city, town? 1:2; 3:2, 3, 4; 4:5, 5, 5, 11 – 8x.

[10] μέγα, adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular

μεγάλη, adjective, feminine nominative singular

μεγάλην, adjective, feminine accusative singular

μεγάλης, adjective, feminine genitive singular

μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular

μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular

μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1; 3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.

[11] ἐκήρυξαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐκήρυξε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἐκηρύχθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

κήρυξον, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

κηρύσσω or κηρύσσειν: to cry or shout out, proclaim; announce, declare, demand, dictate, preach, require. 1:2; 3:2, 4, 5, 7 – 5x (see .

[12] ὅτι, conjunction, indeclensionate from ὅτι: causal, because; epexegetical, after verbs of believing, hoping, sensing; explanatory, that, so that; quotation, introducing direct or indirect comments. 1:2, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13; 3:10; 4:2, 3 – 9x.

[13] ἀναβήτω, verb, aorist active imperative, third person singular

ἀνέβη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἀναβαίνω or ἀναβαίνειν: to go up, ascend; arise, mount up. The opposite of καταβαίνω: to go down, descend. Similar to ἐμβαίνω: to go into. 1:2; 2:7; 4:6 – 3x.

[14] κραυγὴ, noun, feminine nominative singular

κραυγῆς, noun, feminine genitive singular

κραυγή, -ῆς: crying, outcry, screaming, shouting; clamor, noise, racket, rioting. Similar to κηρύσσω. 1:2; 2:3 – 2x.

[15] κακία, noun, feminine nominative singular

κακίᾳ, noun, feminine dative singular

κακίαις, noun, feminine dative plural

κακίας, noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural

κακία, -ας: generic evil, badness, evil, filthiness, wickedness. 1:2, 7, 8; 3:10; 4:2 – 5x.

[16] The expression sounds strange until we consider the possibility that Jonah is expected to take the express camel, donkey, rickshaw, sedan chair, stagecoach, or other device that operated by running, or rushing, usually in relays.

[17] ἀνάστα, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνάστηθι, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνέστη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

[18] φεύγων, verb, present active participle, masculine nominative singular

φυγεῖν, verb, aorist active infinitive

φεύγω: to flee; disappear, escape, hide; have recourse, take refuge, shun, vanish. 1:3, 10; 4:2 – 3x.

[19] προσώπου, noun, neuter genitive singular of πρόσωπον, -ου: face; connotation or implicitly: countenance, expression, surface, front, battlefront, mouth of a well, form of speech, person, presence; The Glory, The Sh^əkinah. 1:3, 3, 10 – 3x.

[20] κατέβη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

κατέβην, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular

καταβαίνω: to go down, descend. The opposite of ἀναβαίνω: to go up, ascend. Similar to ἐμβαίνω: to go into. 1:3, 5; 2:7 – 3x.

[21] εὗρε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of εὑρίσκω or εὑρίσκειν: to find; discover, acquire wealth. 1:3 – 1x.

[22] πλοῖον, noun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

πλοίου, noun, neuter genitive singular

πλοίῳ, noun, neuter dative singular

πλοῖον, -ου: ship, boat. 1:3, 4, 5, 5 – 4x.

[23] βαδίζον, verb, present active participle, neuter nominative or accusative singular of βαδίζω or βαδίζειν: proceed; get under way, lading, loading, saddle up, the general preparation for, brink of departure, or process of; walk, go, sail. 1:3 – 1x. Genesis 42:19; 44:25; Exodus 4:18, 19; 6:6.

[24] δῷς, verb, aorist active subjunctive, second person singular

ἔδωκε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

δίδωμι or διδόναι: to give; pay, reward. 1:3, 14 – 2x.

[25] ναῦλον, noun, neuter nominative or accusative singular of ναῦλον: ship’s fare; passage money. 1:3 – 1x (see also 1:5; 2:5, 8; and possibly even 1:4, 11, 12).

[26] ἐνέβη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of ἐμβαίνω or ἐμβαίνειν: to enter; board, embark, step into. 1:3 – 1x (see also ἀναβαίνω and καταβαίνω).

[27] πλεῦσαι, verb, aorist active infinitive of πλέω or πλεῖν: to sail. 1:3 – 1x (see also πλοῖον and πλείους (a boatfull?).

[28] μετ᾿, μετά, preposition, indeclensionate of μετά: with; accompaniment, agency, instrument, means, temporal (after). 1:3; 2:10 – 2x (also a common prefix).

[29] The genitive article preceding the infinitive is an idiomatic expression of a goal, intent, objective, purpose, or wish. It says nothing about attainability, nor about sufficient power to obtain such a wish.

[30] ἐξήγειρε(ν), verb, aorist or imperfect active indicative, third person singular

ἐξηγείρετο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person singular

ἐξεγείρω or ἐξεγείρειν: to stir up; many connotations. 1:4, 11, 13 – 3x.

[31] πνεῦμα, noun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

πνεύματι, noun, neuter dative singular

πνεῦμα, -ατος: wind; breath, spirit. 1:4; 4:8 – 2x.

[32] μέγα, adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular

μεγάλη, adjective, feminine nominative singular

μεγάλην, adjective, feminine accusative singular

μεγάλης, adjective, feminine genitive singular

μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular

μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular

μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1; 3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.

[33] θάλασσα, noun, feminine nominative singular

θάλασσαν, noun, feminine accusative singular

θαλάσσῃ, noun, feminine dative singular

θαλάσσης, noun, feminine genitive singular

θάλασσα, -ης: sea. 1:4, 4, 5, 9, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15; 2:4 – 12x.

[34] ἐγένετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular

ἐγενήθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

[35] κλύδων, noun, masculine nominative singular

κλύδωνα, noun, masculine accusative singular

κλύδων, -ωνος: wave; billow; may be used as a collective noun in Greek; waves, billows. 1:4, 11, 12 – 3x.

[36] πλοῖον, noun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

πλοίου, noun, neuter genitive singular

πλοίῳ, noun, neuter dative singular

πλοῖον, -ου: ship, boat. 1:3, 4, 5, 5 – 4x.

[37] ἐκινδύνευεν(ν), verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular of κινδυνεύω or κινδυνεύειν: to be in danger, to run a risk. 1:4 – 1x.

[38] συντριβῆναι, verb, aorist passive infinitive of συντρίβω or συντρίβειν: to crush, break, wreck; beaten to a pulp. 1:4 – 1x.

[39] Or spirit, the word picture is that YHWH commands all things, even inanimate things like the sea, as if they were living creatures (Matthew 14: 24-33; Mark 4:36-41). The spirit driving the sea, could be the wind, this is the normal course of affairs: still we may not be absolutely sure of this. Invariably, the problem in every case, is the absence of human faith, our lack of faith. Our absence or lack of faith does not impede the inevitable, inexorable progress of the miracle.

[40] presented themselves

[41] ἐφοβήθησαν, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person plural of φοβέω or φοβειῖν: to fear; terror. 1:5, 10, 16 – 3x (see φόβος: fear. 1:10, 16 – 2x).

[42] ναυτικοὶ, adjective, masculine nominative plural of ναυτικός, -ή, -όν: seafaring seagoing; of people sailor, seaman; of all things, nautical. 1:5 – 1x.

[43] ἀνεβόησαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐβόησα, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular

ἀνα-βοάω or ἀνα-βοάειν: to cry up, to cry; roar, scream, shout, yell. 1:5, 14; 2:3; 3:8 – 4x.

[44] ἕκαστος, adjective, masculine nominative singular of ἕκαστος, -η, -ον: each. 1:5, 7; 3:8 – 3x.

[45] ἐκβολὴν, noun, feminine accusative singular of ἐκβολὴ, -ῆς: out-casting, out-throwing, jettisoning (perhaps some ancient participial derivative); expendables, disposables, non-essentials, throwaways (items); all the cargo, extra gear, even food. 1:5 – 1x.

[46] ἐποιήσαντο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural

ἐποίησας, verb, aorist active indicative, second person singular

ἐποίησε(v), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

πεποίηκας, verb, perfect active indicative, second person singular

ποιῆσαι, verb, aorist active infinitive

ποιήσομεν, verb, future active indicative, first person plural

ποιέω or ποιεῖν: create, do, make. 1:5, 9, 10, 11, 14; 3:10, 10; 4:5 – 8x (see also ποῖος).

[47] σκευῶν, noun, neuter genitive plural of σκεῦος, -ους: cargo, equipment, stuff; anything not mission essential. The immediate threat of death changes the initial mission from transportation, to raw preservation of human life by any means at hand. 1:5 – 1x.

[48] πλοῖον, noun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

πλοίου, noun, neuter genitive singular

πλοίῳ, noun, neuter dative singular

πλοῖον, -ου: ship, boat. 1:3, 4, 5, 5 – 4x.

[49] θάλασσα, noun, feminine nominative singular

θάλασσαν, noun, feminine accusative singular

θαλάσσῃ, noun, feminine dative singular

θαλάσσης, noun, feminine genitive singular

θάλασσα, -ης: sea. 1:4, 4, 5, 9, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15; 2:4 – 12x.

[50] κουφισθῆναι, verb, aorist passive infinitive of κουφίζω or κουφίζειν: to lighten, to remove a burden or load. 1:5 – 1x.

[51] ἀπ᾿, ἀπό, preposition, indeclensionate of ἀπό: from; emphasizing the distance of separation.

[52] δὲ, conjunction or particle, indeclensionate of δέ: mildly adversative; yet; but, rather after negative; introducing apodosis. 1:5; 2:10; 3:3; 4:11 – 4x; also used with negation: μηδὲ or μηδέ: yet not, 3:7, 7 – 2x; οὐδὲ: not even, 4:10 – 1x. Possibly related to the adjective μηδέις: no one or thing; and οὐδέις: no one, no way.

[53] κατέβη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of καταβαίνω: to go down, descend. The opposite of ἀναβαίνω: to go up, ascend. Similar to ἐμβαίνω: to go into. 1:3, 5; 2:7 – 3x.

[54] κοιλίᾳ, adjective or noun, feminine dative singular

κοιλίας, adjective or noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural

κοίλην, adjective or noun, feminine accusative singular

κοιλία, -ας or κοίλος, -η, -ον: belly, depression, hollow; stomach, uterus, womb, anything in the lower or more visceral abdominal cavity. 1:5; 2:1, 2, 3 – 4x.

[55] ἐκάθευδε(ν), verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular of καθεύδω or καθεύδειν: to sleep; to sleep in death. 1:5 – 1x.

[56] ἔρρεγχε, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ῥέγχεις, verb, present active indicative, second person singular

ῥέγχω: to snore. Note: breathing marks with ρ are frequently dropped. 1:5, 6 – 2x.

[57] Raw translation does not capture the reality of the moment. The sea was stirred into a deafening roar. All conversation was reduced to shouting at the top of the lungs. The sailors screamed their prayers: they shrieked like little girls, as every muscle fiber in their being was taxed to its ultimate stress, and every bone in their body was taken to its crushing point, while the sweat of their toil ran in rivers from every pore. This is a crucifixion: an icon or typology of crucifixion.

[58] προσῆλθε, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of προσέρχομαι or προσέρχεσθαι: to come or go before or toward; approach, confront. 1:6 – 1x.

[59] πρωρεὺς, noun, masculine nominative singular of πρωρεύς, -έως: officer in command of the bow of a ship; captain, first mate, pilot, watch commander. 1:6 – 1x (from the superlative of πρό, πρῶτος).

[60] The symbol, ·, is a semicolon; English usage may require a different punctuation.

[61] τί, interrogative pronoun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

τίνος, interrogative pronoun, genitive singular

τίς, τίς, τί: what, who, why; unaccented it becomes the indefinite pronoun, anyone, anything, someone, something. 1:6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11; 3:9; 4:5 – 8x.

[62] ἔρρεγχε, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ῥέγχεις, verb, present active indicative, second person singular

ῥέγχω: to snore. Note: breathing marks with ρ are frequently dropped. 1:5, 6 – 2x.

[63] The symbol, ;, is a Greek question mark: ?

[64] ἀνάστα, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνάστηθι, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀνέστη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

[65] ἐπικαλοῦ, verb, present middle or passive imperative, second person singular of ἐπικαλέω or ἐπικαλεῖν: to call upon. 1:6 – 1x.

[66] ὅπως, conjunction, indeclensionate from ὅπως: that, in order that; after verbs of asking, followed by the subjunctive, which specifies the request. 1:6 – 1x.

[67] διασώσῃ, verb, aorist active subjunctive, third person singular of διασῴζω or διασῴζειν: to save through (the request); maintain, preserve, provide escape, redeem, rescue, spare. 1:6 – 1x.

[68] οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, adverb, or particle, indeclensionate from οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, οὐχι: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word, negating the word; introduces a question expecting an affirmative response; with μή expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in statements expressing fact, objectivity, or statement. 1:6, 13; 3:9, 10; 4:2, 10. 11, 11 – 8x; as a prefix 4:10 – 1x.

[69] μὴ, adverb, conjunction, or particle, indeclensionate from μή: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word, negating the word; introduces a question expecting a negative response; with οὐ expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in statements expressing hypotheses, possibility, subjectivity, thought, will. 1:6, 14, 14; 3:7, 9 – 5x; as a prefix 1:14; 3:7, 7 – 3x.

[70] The combination οὐ μή creates a situation in which every extreme, either positive or negative is considered and denied; in which every possibility, either concrete or abstract, either hypothetical or real is evaluated and contradicted. Thus it forms the quintessential Greek idiom for absolute, complete, or perfect denial: philosophical impossibility, zero probability; or, in the reverse: absolute necessity, perfect probability of one (100%), totality. 1:6; 3:9 – 2x.

[71] ἀπολώμεθα, verb, aorist middle subjunctive, first person plural

ἀπώλετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular

ἀπολλύω or ἀπολλύειν: to let go or loose completely; destroy, free. 1:6, 14; 3:9; 4:10 – 4x.

[72] There is no evidence that the captain knew of the living, universal God. He just wants Jonah to add his idol to the list: in desperation, whatever works is all that matters.

[73] ἕκαστος, adjective, masculine nominative singular of ἕκαστος, -η, -ον: each. 1:5, 7; 3:8 – 3x.

[74] πλησίον, adjective, adverb, noun, or preposition from πλησίος, -α, -ον: near; acquaintance, associate, buddy, companion, friend, mate, partner; shipmate. 1:7 – 1x.

[75] δεῦτε, adverb, or interjection, plural, indeclensionate possibly from δεῦρο?: come, go; next; or possibly from δεύτερος: second? 1:7 – 1x.

[76] βάλωμεν, verb, aorist active subjunctive, first person plural

ἔβαλον, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐξέβαλε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular (with prefix ἐκ, ἐξ)

ἐξέβαλον, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural (with prefix ἐκ, ἐξ)

βάλλω or βάλλειν, ἐκβάλλω or ἐκβάλλειν: to cast, throw; throw out. 1:7, 7, 15; 2:11 – 4x (see ἐκβολὴ).

[77] κλῆρος, noun, masculine nominative singular

κλήρους, noun, masculine accusative plural

κλῆρος, -ου: lot. 1:7, 7, 7 – 3x.

[78] ἐπιγνῶμεν, verb, aorist active subjunctive, first person plural of ἐπιγνώσκω or ἐπιγνώσκειν: to discover, find, observe, recognize. 1:7 – 1x (see γιγνώσκω).

[79] τί, interrogative pronoun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

τίνος, interrogative pronoun, genitive singular

τίς, τίς, τί: what, who, why; unaccented it becomes the indefinite pronoun, anyone, anything, someone, something. 1:6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11; 3:9; 4:5 – 8x.

[80] ἕνεκεν, adjective, or preposition, indeclensionate from ἕνεκα, ἕνεκεν, εἵνεκεν: because, cause. 1:7, 8, 14 – 3x.

[81] κακία, noun, feminine nominative singular

κακίᾳ, noun, feminine dative singular

κακίαις, noun, feminine dative plural

κακίας, noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural

κακία, -ας: generic evil, badness, evil, filthiness, wickedness. 1:2, 7, 8; 3:10; 4:2 – 5x.

[82] εἶ, verb, present active indicative, second person singular

εἰμὶ, verb, present active indicative, first person singular

εἶναι, verb, present active infinitive

ἔσται, verb, future middle indicative, third person singular

ἐστί, ἐστὶν, verb, present active indicative, third person singular

ἦν, verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular

ὄντος, verb, present active participle, masculine or neuter genitive singular

εἰμί or εἶναι: to be, exist. 1:7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12; 2:1; 3:3; 4:2, 5, 6 – 12x.

[83] ἔπεσεν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of πίπτω: to fall; perish. 1:7 – 1x.

[84] ἐπὶ, ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8, 9, 10 – 13x.

[85] ἀπήγγειλεν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἀπάγγειλον, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀπαγγέλω or ἀπαγγέλειν: answer, tell; announce, explain, interpret, report. 1:8, 10 – 2x.

[86] τί, interrogative pronoun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

τίνος, interrogative pronoun, genitive singular

τίς, τίς, τί: what, who, why; unaccented it becomes the indefinite pronoun, anyone, anything, someone, something. 1:6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11; 3:9; 4:5 – 8x.

[87] ἕνεκεν, adjective, or preposition, indeclensionate from ἕνεκα, ἕνεκεν, εἵνεκεν: because, cause. 1:7, 8, 14 – 3x.

[88] κακία, noun, feminine nominative singular

κακίᾳ, noun, feminine dative singular

κακίαις, noun, feminine dative plural

κακίας, noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural

κακία, -ας: generic evil, badness, evil, filthiness, wickedness. 1:2, 7, 8; 3:10; 4:2 – 5x.

[89] εἶ, verb, present active indicative, second person singular

εἰμὶ, verb, present active indicative, first person singular

εἶναι, verb, present active infinitive

ἔσται, verb, future middle indicative, third person singular

ἐστί, ἐστὶν, verb, present active indicative, third person singular

ἦν, verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular

ὄντος, verb, present active participle, masculine or neuter genitive singular

εἰμί or εἶναι: to be, exist. 1:7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12; 2:1; 3:3; 4:2, 5, 6 – 12x.

[90] τί, interrogative pronoun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

τίνος, interrogative pronoun, genitive singular

τίς, τίς, τί: what, who, why; unaccented it becomes the indefinite pronoun, anyone, anything, someone, something. 1:6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11; 3:9; 4:5 – 8x.

[91] ἐργασία, noun, feminine nominative singular of ἐργασία, -ας: work; the effort, job, production, profession. 1:8 – 1x (see ἔργον).

[92] πόθεν, interrogative, adverb, pronoun, or preposition, indeclensionate from πόθεν: whence; what place; what logical presupposition. 1:8 – 1x.

[93] ἔλθοι, verb, aorist active optative, third person singular

ἔρχῃ, verb, present middle or passive indicative or subjunctive, second person singular

ἔρχομαι or ἔρχεσθαι: come. 1:8; 2:8 – 2x.

[94] ἐπορεύετο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person singular

ἐπορεύθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

πορεύῃ, verb, present middle or passive indicative or subjunctive, second person singular

πορεύθητι, verb, aorist passive imperative, second person singular

[95] ποίας, interrogative adjective, feminine genitive singular

ποίου, interrogative adjective, masculine genitive singular

ποῖος, -α, -ον: what, what kind. 1:8, 8 – 2x.

[96] χώρας, noun, feminine genitive singular of χώρα, -ας: place, spot; citizenship, nationality. 1:8 – 1x.

[97] λαοῦ, noun, masculine genitive singular of λαός, -οῦ: people; ethnicity, race. 1:8 – 1x.

[98] δοῦλος, adjective, or noun, masculine nominative singular of δοῦλος, -η, -ον, or δοῦλος, -ου: subject, subservient, or servant, slave. 1:9 – 1x.

[99] εἶ, verb, present active indicative, second person singular

εἰμὶ, verb, present active indicative, first person singular

εἶναι, verb, present active infinitive

ἔσται, verb, future middle indicative, third person singular

ἐστί, ἐστὶν, verb, present active indicative, third person singular

ἦν, verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular

ὄντος, verb, present active participle, masculine or neuter genitive singular

εἰμί or εἶναι: to be, exist. 1:7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12; 2:1; 3:3; 4:2, 5, 6 – 12x.

[100] οὐρανοῦ, noun, masculine genitive singular of οὐρανός, -οῦ: heaven; sky, universe. 1:9 – 1x.

[101] σέβομαι, verb, present middle or passive indicative, first person singular of σέβομαι or σέβειν: worship; revere. 1:9 – 1x.

[102] ἣ, relative pronoun, feminine nominative singular

ᾗ, relative pronoun, feminine dative singular

ἧς, relative pronoun, feminine accusative singular

ὃ, relative pronoun, neuter nominative singular

ὃν, relative pronoun, masculine accusative singular

ὃς, relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular

ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, whom, which, what, that. 1:9, 14; 2:7; 3:2, 10; 4:10, 10, 11 – 8x.

[103] ἐποιήσαντο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural

ἐποίησας, verb, aorist active indicative, second person singular

ἐποίησε(v), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

πεποίηκας, verb, perfect active indicative, second person singular

ποιῆσαι, verb, aorist active infinitive

ποιήσομεν, verb, future active indicative, first person plural

ποιέω or ποιεῖν: create, do, make. 1:5, 9, 10, 11, 14; 3:10, 10; 4:5 – 8x (see also ποῖος).

[104] θάλασσα, noun, feminine nominative singular

θάλασσαν, noun, feminine accusative singular

θαλάσσῃ, noun, feminine dative singular

θαλάσσης, noun, feminine genitive singular

θάλασσα, -ης: sea. 1:4, 4, 5, 9, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15; 2:4 – 12x.

[105] ξηράν, adjective, feminine accusative singular of ξηρός, -ά, -όν: bare, dry, sere; earth without any evident water content in contrast to the water saturated sea; desert. 1: 9; 2:11 – 2x (compare with γῆ: earth, land. 1:13; 2:7 – 2x).

[106] ἐφοβήθησαν, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person plural of φοβέω or φοβειῖν: to fear; terror. 1:5, 10, 16 – 3x (see φόβος: fear. 1:10, 16 – 2x).

[107] ἄνδρες, noun, masculine nominative plural of ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός: man, masculine; husband. 1:10, 10, 13, 16; 3:5 – 5x (compare with ἄνθρωπος: humans, mankind, people. 3:7, 8 – 2x).

[108] φόβον, noun, masculine accusative singular

φόβῳ, noun, masculine dative singular

φόβος, -ου: fear, terror. 1:10, 16 – 2x (see φοβέω).

[109] μέγα, adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular

μεγάλη, adjective, feminine nominative singular

μεγάλην, adjective, feminine accusative singular

μεγάλης, adjective, feminine genitive singular

μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular

μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular

μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1; 3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.

[110] τί, interrogative pronoun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

τίνος, interrogative pronoun, genitive singular

τίς, τίς, τί: what, who, why; unaccented it becomes the indefinite pronoun, anyone, anything, someone, something. 1:6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11; 3:9; 4:5 – 8x.

[111] ἐποιήσαντο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural

ἐποίησας, verb, aorist active indicative, second person singular

ἐποίησε(v), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

πεποίηκας, verb, perfect active indicative, second person singular

ποιῆσαι, verb, aorist active infinitive

ποιήσομεν, verb, future active indicative, first person plural

ποιέω or ποιεῖν: create, do, make. 1:5, 9, 10, 11, 14; 3:10, 10; 4:5 – 8x (see also ποῖος).

[112] διότι, conjunction, indeclensionate from διότι (διὰ + ὅτι): causal, because, since, for the reason that, wherefore. 1:10, 12, 14; 4:2 – 4x.

[113] ἔγνωκα, verb, perfect active indicative, first person singular

ἔγνων, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular

ἔγνωσαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

γιγνώσκω, γιγνώσκειν, γινώσκω or γινώσκειν: to know. 1:10, 12; 4:2, 11 – 4x (see ἐπιγνώσκω: find. 1:7 – 1x).

[114] ὅτι, conjunction, indeclensionate from ὅτι: causal, because; epexegetical, after verbs of believing, hoping, sensing; explanatory, that, so that; quotation, introducing direct or indirect comments. 1:2, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13; 3:10; 4:2, 3 – 9x.

[115] προσώπου, noun, neuter genitive singular of πρόσωπον, -ου: face; connotation or implicitly: countenance, expression, surface, front, battlefront, mouth of a well, form of speech, person, presence; The Glory, The Sh^əkinah. 1:3, 3, 10 – 3x.

[116] εἶ, verb, present active indicative, second person singular

εἰμὶ, verb, present active indicative, first person singular

εἶναι, verb, present active infinitive

ἔσται, verb, future middle indicative, third person singular

ἐστί, ἐστὶν, verb, present active indicative, third person singular

ἦν, verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular

ὄντος, verb, present active participle, masculine or neuter genitive singular

εἰμί or εἶναι: to be, exist. 1:7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12; 2:1; 3:3; 4:2, 5, 6 – 12x.

[117] φεύγων, verb, present active participle, masculine nominative singular

φυγεῖν, verb, aorist active infinitive

φεύγω: to flee; disappear, escape, hide; have recourse, take refuge, shun, vanish. 1:3, 10; 4:2 – 3x.

[118] ἀπήγγειλεν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

ἀπάγγειλον, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

ἀπαγγέλω or ἀπαγγέλειν: answer, tell; announce, explain, interpret, report. 1:8, 10 – 2x.

[119] Fear of fear, or fear-fear is twice as bad as mere fear.

[120] They said to his face.

[121] τί, interrogative pronoun, neuter nominative or accusative singular

τίνος, interrogative pronoun, genitive singular

τίς, τίς, τί: what, who, why; unaccented it becomes the indefinite pronoun, anyone, anything, someone, something. 1:6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11; 3:9; 4:5 – 8x.

[122] ἐποιήσαντο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural

ἐποίησας, verb, aorist active indicative, second person singular

ἐποίησε(v), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

πεποίηκας, verb, perfect active indicative, second person singular

ποιῆσαι, verb, aorist active infinitive

ποιήσομεν, verb, future active indicative, first person plural

ποιέω or ποιεῖν: create, do, make. 1:5, 9, 10, 11, 14; 3:10, 10; 4:5 – 8x (see also ποῖος).

[123] κοπάσει, verb, future active indicative, third person singular of κοπάζω, κοπάζειν, or κόπτω: to appease; calm, cease, cope, quench, quiet, still, stay, stop; have rest. 1:11, 12 – 2x.

[124] θάλασσα, noun, feminine nominative singular

θάλασσαν, noun, feminine accusative singular

θαλάσσῃ, noun, feminine dative singular

θαλάσσης, noun, feminine genitive singular

θάλασσα, -ης: sea. 1:4, 4, 5, 9, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15; 2:4 – 12x.

[125] ὅτι, conjunction, indeclensionate from ὅτι: causal, because; epexegetical, after verbs of believing, hoping, sensing; explanatory, that, so that; quotation, introducing direct or indirect comments. 1:2, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13; 3:10; 4:2, 3 – 9x.

[126] ἐπορεύετο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person singular

ἐπορεύθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

πορεύῃ, verb, present middle or passive indicative or subjunctive, second person singular

πορεύθητι, verb, aorist passive imperative, second person singular

[127] ἐξήγειρε(ν), verb, aorist or imperfect active indicative, third person singular

ἐξηγείρετο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person singular

ἐξεγείρω or ἐξεγείρειν: to stir up; many connotations. 1:4, 11, 13 – 3x.

[128] μᾶλλον, comparative adverb μᾶλλον from μάλα: exceedingly, many; more exceedingly, more; the basic idea seems to apply more to quantity rather than quality. 1:11, 13; 4:3 – 3x (see μάλιστα: most exceedingly, most).

[129] κλύδων, noun, masculine nominative singular

κλύδωνα, noun, masculine accusative singular

κλύδων, -ωνος: wave; billow; may be used as a collective noun in Greek; waves, billows. 1:4, 11, 12 – 3x.

[130] These men are fighting for their lives. This is The Perfect Storm.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Perfect_Storm_(film)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_storm

[131] ἄρατε, verb, aorist active imperative, second person plural of αἴρω or αἴρειν: lift up and carry; to be destroyed. 1:12 – 1x.

[132] ἐμβάλετε, verb, aorist active imperative, second person plural of ἐμβάλλω or ἐμβάλλειν: cast, throw; set. 1:12, 15 –2x.

[133] θάλασσα, noun, feminine nominative singular

θάλασσαν, noun, feminine accusative singular

θαλάσσῃ, noun, feminine dative singular

θαλάσσης, noun, feminine genitive singular

θάλασσα, -ης: sea. 1:4, 4, 5, 9, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15; 2:4 – 12x.

[134] κοπάσει, verb, future active indicative, third person singular of κοπάζω, κοπάζειν, or κόπτω: to appease; calm, cease, cope, quench, quiet, still, stay, stop; have rest. 1:11, 12 – 2x.

[135] διότι, conjunction, indeclensionate from διότι (διὰ + ὅτι): causal, because, since, for the reason that, wherefore. 1:10, 12, 14; 4:2 – 4x.

[136] ἔγνωκα, verb, perfect active indicative, first person singular

ἔγνων, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular

ἔγνωσαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

γιγνώσκω, γιγνώσκειν, γινώσκω or γινώσκειν: to know. 1:10, 12; 4:2, 11 – 4x (see ἐπιγνώσκω: find. 1:7 – 1x).

[137] ὅτι, conjunction, indeclensionate from ὅτι: causal, because; epexegetical, after verbs of believing, hoping, sensing; explanatory, that, so that; quotation, introducing direct or indirect comments. 1:2, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13; 3:10; 4:2, 3 – 9x.

[138] δι᾿, διὰ, preposition of instrument or means from διά: through. 1:12; 4:2 – 2x.

[139] κλύδων, noun, masculine nominative singular

κλύδωνα, noun, masculine accusative singular

κλύδων, -ωνος: wave; billow; may be used as a collective noun in Greek; waves, billows. 1:4, 11, 12 – 3x.

[140] μέγα, adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular

μεγάλη, adjective, feminine nominative singular

μεγάλην, adjective, feminine accusative singular

μεγάλης, adjective, feminine genitive singular

μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular

μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular

μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1; 3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.

[141] ἐπὶ, ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8, 9, 10 – 13x.

[142] εἶ, verb, present active indicative, second person singular

εἰμὶ, verb, present active indicative, first person singular

εἶναι, verb, present active infinitive

ἔσται, verb, future middle indicative, third person singular

ἐστί, ἐστὶν, verb, present active indicative, third person singular

ἦν, verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular

ὄντος, verb, present active participle, masculine or neuter genitive singular

εἰμί or εἶναι: to be, exist. 1:7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12; 2:1; 3:3; 4:2, 5, 6 – 12x.

[143] καίπερ? 1:13 (H&R, page 706)

[144] παρεβιάζοντο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person plural of παραβιάζομαι (παρα + βιάζομαι): to defy, fight, resist, strive, struggle with strength or violence against all commands, hope, orders, or reason; strive or struggle mightily and futily or vainly. 1:13 –1x.

[145] ἄνδρες, noun, masculine nominative plural of ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός: man, masculine; husband. 1:10, 10, 13, 16; 3:5 – 5x (compare with ἄνθρωπος: humans, mankind, people. 3:7, 8 – 2x).

[146] ἐπιστρέψαι, verb, aorist active infinitive of ἐπιστρέφω or ἐπιστρέφειν: turn; return. 1:13 – 1x.

[147] γῇ, noun, feminine dative singular

γῆν, noun, feminine accusative singular

γῆ, -ῆς: earth; land, dirt, dust. 1:13; 2:7; 4:2 – 3x.

[148] οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, adverb, or particle, indeclensionate from οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, οὐχι: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word, negating the word; introduces a question expecting an affirmative response; with μή expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in statements expressing fact, objectivity, or statement. 1:6, 13; 3:9, 10; 4:2, 10. 11, 11 – 8x; as a prefix 4:10 – 1x.

[149] ἠδύναντο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person plural of δύναμαι or δύνασθαι: ability, power, strength. 1:13 – 1x.

[150] ὅτι, conjunction, indeclensionate from ὅτι: causal, because; epexegetical, after verbs of believing, hoping, sensing; explanatory, that, so that; quotation, introducing direct or indirect comments. 1:2, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13; 3:10; 4:2, 3 – 9x.

[151] θάλασσα, noun, feminine nominative singular

θάλασσαν, noun, feminine accusative singular

θαλάσσῃ, noun, feminine dative singular

θαλάσσης, noun, feminine genitive singular

θάλασσα, -ης: sea. 1:4, 4, 5, 9, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15; 2:4 – 12x.

[152] ἐπορεύετο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person singular

ἐπορεύθη, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person singular

πορεύῃ, verb, present middle or passive indicative or subjunctive, second person singular

πορεύθητι, verb, aorist passive imperative, second person singular

[153] ἐξήγειρε(ν), verb, aorist or imperfect active indicative, third person singular

ἐξηγείρετο, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, third person singular

ἐξεγείρω or ἐξεγείρειν: to stir up; many connotations. 1:4, 11, 13 – 3x.

[154] μᾶλλον, comparative adverb μᾶλλον from μάλα: exceedingly, many; more exceedingly, more; the basic idea seems to apply more to quantity rather than quality. 1:11, 13; 4:3 – 3x (see μάλιστα: most exceedingly, most).

[155] ἐπὶ, ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8, 9, 10 – 13x.

[156] ἀνεβόησαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐβόησα, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular

ἀνα-βοάω or ἀνα-βοάειν: to cry up, to cry; roar, scream, shout, yell. 1:5, 14; 2:3; 3:8 – 4x.

[157] μηδαμῶς, adverb, indeclensionate from μηδαμῶς (μή + δαμῶς): powerless; by no means, certainly not. 1:14 – 1x.

[158] μὴ, adverb, conjunction, or particle, indeclensionate from μή: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word, negating the word; introduces a question expecting a negative response; with οὐ expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in statements expressing hypotheses, possibility, subjectivity, thought, will. 1:6, 14, 14; 3:7, 9 – 5x; as a prefix 1:14; 3:7, 7 – 3x.

[159] ἀπολώμεθα, verb, aorist middle subjunctive, first person plural

ἀπώλετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular

ἀπολλύω or ἀπολλύειν: to let go or loose completely; destroy, free. 1:6, 14; 3:9; 4:10 – 4x.

[160] ἕνεκεν, adjective, or preposition, indeclensionate from ἕνεκα, ἕνεκεν, εἵνεκεν: because, cause. 1:7, 8, 14 – 3x.

[161] ψυχήν, noun, feminine accusative singular

ψυχῆς, noun, feminine genitive singular

ψυχή, -ῆς: soul; life. 1:14; 2:6, 8; 4:3, 8 – 5x.

[162] ἄνθρωποι, noun, masculine nominative plural

ἀνθρώπου, noun, masculine genitive singular

ἀνθρώπων, noun, masculine genitive plural

ἄνθρώπος, -ου: 1:14; 3:7, 8; 4:11 – 4x.

[163] δῷς, verb, aorist active subjunctive, second person singular

ἔδωκε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

δίδωμι or διδόναι: to give; pay, reward. 1:3, 14 – 2x.

[164] ἐπὶ, ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8, 9, 10 – 13x.

[165] αἷμα, noun, neuter nominative or accusative singular of αἷμα, -ατος: blood; bloodlike, blood guiltiness due to murder. 1:14 – 1x.

[166] δίκαιον, adjective, masculine accusative or neuter nominative or accusative singular of δίκαιος, -α, -ον: righteous; just, innocent. 1:14 – 1x.

[167] διότι, conjunction, indeclensionate from διότι (διὰ + ὅτι): causal, because, since, for the reason that, wherefore. 1:10, 12, 14; 4:2 – 4x.

[168] ἣ, relative pronoun, feminine nominative singular

ᾗ, relative pronoun, feminine dative singular

ἧς, relative pronoun, feminine accusative singular

ὃ, relative pronoun, neuter nominative singular

ὃν, relative pronoun, masculine accusative singular

ὃς, relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular

ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, whom, which, what, that. 1:9, 14; 2:7; 3:2, 10; 4:10, 10, 11 – 8x.

[169] τρόπον, noun, masculine accusative singular of τρόπος, -ου: behavior, conduct; custom, manner, means, method, nature, way of life. 1:14 – 1x.

[170] ἐβούλου, verb, imperfect middle or passive indicative, second person singular of βούλομαι or βούλεσθαι: a condition or decision of the volition; consent, desire, like, prefer, want, will, wish. 1:14 – 1x.

[171] ἐποιήσαντο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural

ἐποίησας, verb, aorist active indicative, second person singular

ἐποίησε(v), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular

πεποίηκας, verb, perfect active indicative, second person singular

ποιῆσαι, verb, aorist active infinitive

ποιήσομεν, verb, future active indicative, first person plural

ποιέω or ποιεῖν: create, do, make. 1:5, 9, 10, 11, 14; 3:10, 10; 4:5 – 8x (see also ποῖος).

[172] ἔλαβον, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular or third person plural

λάβε, verb, aorist active imperative, second person singular

λαμβάνω or λαμβάνειν: take. 1:15; 4:3 – 2x. verb, aorist active indicative

[173] βάλωμεν, verb, aorist active subjunctive, first person plural

ἔβαλον, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

ἐξέβαλε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular (with prefix ἐκ, ἐξ)

ἐξέβαλον, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural (with prefix ἐκ, ἐξ)

βάλλω or βάλλειν, ἐκβάλλω or ἐκβάλλειν: to cast, throw; throw out. 1:7, 7, 15; 2:11 – 4x (see ἐκβολὴ).

[174] θάλασσα, noun, feminine nominative singular

θάλασσαν, noun, feminine accusative singular

θαλάσσῃ, noun, feminine dative singular

θαλάσσης, noun, feminine genitive singular

θάλασσα, -ης: sea. 1:4, 4, 5, 9, 11, 11, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15; 2:4 – 12x.

[175] ἔστη, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of ἵστημι or ἱστάνειν: establish, stand; confirm, pitch, place, put, set. 1:15 – 1x.

[176] σάλου, noun, masculine genitive singular of σάλος, -ου: restlessness; surging. 1:15 – 1x.

[177] ἐφοβήθησαν, verb, aorist passive indicative, third person plural of φοβέω or φοβειῖν: to fear; terror. 1:5, 10, 16 – 3x (see φόβος: fear. 1:10, 16 – 2x).

[178] ἄνδρες, noun, masculine nominative plural of ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός: man, masculine; husband. 1:10, 10, 13, 16; 3:5 – 5x (compare with ἄνθρωπος: humans, mankind, people. 3:7, 8 – 2x).

[179] φόβον, noun, masculine accusative singular

φόβῳ, noun, masculine dative singular

φόβος, -ου: fear, terror. 1:10, 16 – 2x (see φοβέω).

[180] μέγα, adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular

μεγάλη, adjective, feminine nominative singular

μεγάλην, adjective, feminine accusative singular

μεγάλης, adjective, feminine genitive singular

μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular

μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular

μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular

μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1; 3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.

[181] ἔθυσαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural

θύσω, verb, future active indicative, first person plural

θύω or θύειν: offer; sacrifice. 1:16; 2:10 – 2x.

[182] θυσίαν, noun, feminine accusative singular of θυσία, -ας: offering, sacrifice. 1:16 – 1x.

[183] ηὐξάμην, verb, aorist middle indicative, first person singular

ηὔξαντο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural

εὔχομαι or εὔχεσθαι: pray; bless, give thanks, vow, wish. 1:16; 2:10 – 2x.

[184] εὐχάς, noun, feminine accusative plural

προσευχή, noun, feminine nominative singular (with prefix πρός)

εὐχή, -ης: prayer, blessing, vow, wish. 1:16; 2:8 – 2x. The difference in nuance would seem to be prayers to as contrasted with prayers in the presence of the Sh^əkinah. The prophet enjoys a face-to-face relationship with God that most people do not have.

[185] Each repetition has multiplied their fears exponentially. Yet now their prayers are multiplied.

[186] If you have been blessed or helped by any of these meditations, please repost, share, or use any of them as you wish. No rights are reserved. They are designed and intended for your free participation. They were freely received, and are freely given. No other permission is required for their use.

Jonah

Monday, March 14, 2016

Jonah, Chapter 1 Technical Notes

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