Text with Notes and Translations
The Greek notes are derived from Taylor, Bernard A., Analytical
Lexicon to the Septuagint, Expanded Edition (Hendrickson, Peabody, MA: 2014)
591 pages.
The first translation is intended to follow the Greek idiom
in as woodenly literal a means as possible.
The verb-subject-object (VSO) construction will be hard for many readers
to follow.
The second translation is intended to follow modern English
idiom. Much thought went into the
physical and psychological context. For
example: the men are struggling with a raging, roaring perfect storm. The noise of the sea is deafening. The men themselves are pressed to the limits
of their emotional and muscular abilities.
In near panic, it is impossible to believe that they merely call out in
loud strong voices. They scream, they
shriek just to be heard above the roar of the storm and the cacophony that
fills their own minds: they are all about to die, and they know it. Similarly, Jonah is taxed to the limits of
his faith: in the last chapter we find Jonah on the brink of insanity, as he
prioritizes the value of a plant above human life, and above the will of God.
Jonah Chapter 4
And grieved was he Jonah grief great and shaken was he.
4:2 καὶ προσηύξατο[6] πρὸς Κύριον καὶ εἶπεν· Ὦ Κύριε, οὐχ[7] οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι μου ἔτι[8] ὄντος[9] μου ἐν τῇ γῇ[10] μου; διὰ[11] τοῦτο προέφθασα[12] τοῦ φυγεῖν[13] εἰς Θαρσίς, διότι[14] ἔγνων[15] ὅτι[16] σὺ ἐλεήμων[17] καὶ οἰκτίρμων[18], μακρόθυμος[19] καὶ πολυέλεος[20] καὶ μετανοῶν[21] ἐπὶ[22] ταῖς κακίαις[23]
And prayed he in the presence before Lord and said, “Oh
Lord, not this the words of me yet being of me in the land of me? Through this anticipated I of the to
disappear escape into Tarshish since knew I that you merciful and mourning and
patient and multi-compassionate and
relenting upon the evils.
He prayed in the Presence of the Lord, “Oh Lord, were these
not my words , while I was yet living in my homeland? Through this I anticipated [the need]
to disappear, to escape, to hide in Tarshish: for I knew that you [are]
merciful, filled with pity, patient, and extremely
compassionate, in relenting upon evil.”[24]
4:3 καὶ νῦν[25], δέσποτα[26] Κύριε, λάβε[27] τὴν ψυχήν[28] μου ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ, ὅτι[29] καλὸν[30] τὸ ἀποθανεῖν[31] με μᾶλλον[32], ἢ[33] ζῆν[34] με.
And now Master Lord took You the soul my from me for beautiful
to decay away me more or to live me.
Now, Master Lord, take my soul from me: for [it is]
more beautiful for me to decay away than to live.
And said He Lord before Jonah, “If vehemently had grieved you,
you
4:5 καὶ ἐξῆλθεν[39] Ἰωνᾶς ἐκ τῆς πόλεως[40] καὶ ἐκάθισεν[41] ἀπέναντι[42] τῆς πόλεως· καὶ ἐποίησεν[43] ἑαυτῷ[44] ἐκεῖ[45] σκηνὴν[46] καὶ ἐκάθητο[47] ὑποκάτω[48] αὐτῆς, ἕως[49] οὗ[50] ἀπίδῃ[51] τί[52] ἔσται[53] τῇ πόλει.
And went out he Jonah out of the city and sat he away
opposite the city and made he for himself there a tent and seated himself he under
her until where might see clearly, he, what will
be it in the city.
Jonah went out of the city.
He sat overlooking the city. He
made a tent for himself there, and seated himself under it, where he might see
clearly what would happen to the city.
4:6 καὶ προσέταξε[54] Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς κολοκύνθῃ[55], καὶ ἀνέβη[56] ὑπὲρ[57] κεφαλῆς[58] τοῦ Ἰωνᾶ τοῦ εἶναι[59] σκιὰν[60] ὑπεράνω[61] τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ τοῦ σκιάζειν[62] αὐτῷ ἀπὸ τῶν κακῶν[63] αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἐχάρη[64] Ἰωνᾶς ἐπὶ[65] τῇ κολοκύνθῃ χαρὰν[66] μεγάλην[67].
And commanded He Lord the God in
a gourd, and went up it over of head the of Jonah the to be shade above the
head of him of the to shelter him from the evils of him. And was delighted he Jonah over the gourd delight
great.
The Lord God commanded a plant. It grew up over Jonah’s head, to be a shade
above his head, to shelter him from his evils.[68] Jonah was delighted over the plant with great
delight.[69]
4:7 καὶ προσέταξεν[70] ὁ Θεὸς σκώληκι[71] ἑωθινῇ[72] τῇ ἐπαύριον[73], καὶ ἐπάταξε[74] τὴν κολοκύνθαν[75],
καὶ ἀπεξηράνθη[76].
And commanded He the God in a worm early “tomorrowly” and attacked
it the gourd and was seared it.
God commanded a worm early the next day. It attacked the plant, so that it was withered.
4:8 καὶ ἐγένετο[77] ἅμα[78] τῷ ἀνατεῖλαι[79] τὸν ἥλιον[80] καὶ προσέταξεν[81] ὁ Θεὸς πνεύματι[82] καύσωνι[83] συγκαίοντι[84], καὶ ἐπάταξεν[85] ὁ ἥλιος ἐπὶ[86] τὴν κεφαλὴν[87] τοῦ Ἰωνᾶ· καὶ ὠλιγοψύχησε[88] καὶ ἐπελέγετο[89] τὴν ψυχὴν[90] αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπε· καλόν[91] μοι ἀποθανεῖν[92] με ἢ[93] ζῆν[94].
And presented simultaneously the to rise the sun and
commanded He the God wind scorching heat parching and attacked it the sun upon
the head of Jonah and discouraged was he and swore on he the soul of him and
said he, “beautiful me to decay away or to live.”
At the same time as God presented Himself in the sunrise; He
commanded a scorching hot, burning wind.
The sun attacked Jonah’s head. He
was discouraged. He swore on his soul,
“[It is] more beautiful for me to decay away than to live.”[95]
4:9 καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς Ἰωνᾶν· εἰ[96] σφόδρα[97] λελύπησαι[98] σὺ ἐπὶ[99] τῇ κολοκύνθῃ[100];
καὶ εἶπε· σφόδρα λελύπημαι[101] ἐγὼ ἕως[102] θανάτου[103].
And said He the God before Jonah, “if vehemently had grieved
you, you upon the gourd?” And said he,
“vehemently, have grieved I I as far as death.”
God said before Jonah, “If [only] you
had grieved vehemently over the plant…?”
[Jonah] replied, I have grieved vehemently, to the
point of death!”
4:10 καὶ εἶπε Κύριος· σὺ ἐφείσω[104] ὑπὲρ[105] τῆς κολοκύνθης[106],
ὑπὲρ ἧς[107] οὐκ[108] ἐκακοπάθησας[109] ἐπ᾿[110] αὐτὴν οὐδὲ[111] ἐξέθρεψας[112] αὐτήν, ἣ ἐγενήθη[113] ὑπὸ[114] νύκτα[115] καὶ ὑπὸ νύκτα ἀπώλετο[116].
And said He Lord, “You concerned yourself over the gourd
over which not toiled you over her neither nurtured you her nor babied pampered
parented which presented was it under night and under night destroyed was it.”
“You concerned yourself for the plant, over which you did
not toil, neither nurtured, which was presented before night. Before night it was destroyed.”
4:11 ἐγὼ δὲ[117] οὐ[118] φείσομαι[119] ὑπὲρ[120] Νινευὴ τῆς πόλεως[121] τῆς μεγάλης[122], ἐν ᾗ[123] κατοικοῦσι[124] πλείους[125] ἢ[126] δώδεκα[127] μυριάδες[128] ἀνθρώπων[129], οἵτινες[130] οὐκ[131] ἔγνωσαν[132] δεξιὰν[133] αὐτῶν ἢ ἀριστερὰν[134] αὐτῶν, καὶ κτήνη[135] πολλά[136].
Now I not concerned should I over Nineveh the city the great
in which dwell under they more than twelve ten thousands of men who ever not know
they right their or left their, and animals, many.
Now, should I not concern Myself over Nineveh,
the great city in which more than one hundred twenty thousand children dwell,
none of whom know their right from their left, as well as many animals?[137]
[1] ἐλυπήθη, verb, aorist passive
indicative, third person singular
λελύπημαι,
verb, perfect passive indicative, first person singular
λελύπησαι,
verb, perfect passive indicative, second person singular
λυπέω
or λυπεῖν: grieve. 4:1. 4, 9, 9 – 4x.
[2] λύπην, noun, feminine accusative
singular of λύπη, -ης: grief. 4:1 – 1x.
[3] μέγα,
adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular
μεγάλη,
adjective, feminine nominative singular
μεγάλην, adjective, feminine
accusative singular
μεγάλης,
adjective, feminine genitive singular
μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular
μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular
μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular
μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on
context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1;
3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.
[4] συνεχύθη, aorist passive
indicative, third person singular of συγχἐω or συγχεῖν: shaken; amazed, confounded, confused, troubled. 4:1 – 1x.
[5]
Jonah has been on the brink of witnessing a train wreck. Confounded does not adequately describe his emotional
turmoil to moderns. He has been T-boned
and lived to tell about it. The full
broadside of God’s wrath has passed within an inch of his face; yet no one else
was hurt, except for their dignity.
Jonah died or nearly died; the sailors lost all but their lives and
ship; the people of Nineveh escaped cleanly, at least for a few generations.
Still, we learn elsewhere that God’s hammer hangs, impending,
above Nineveh, as it also does above Samaria and Jerusalem. The evil fruit will ripen and in due time
God’s hammer will fall, as it always does.
God is committed to expunging evil from the human race: as a loving
Father and a faithful surgeon, he spares no effort; wastes no time. His will is accomplished as in heaven among
angels, also on earth among men. Make no
mistake, evil will be driven from the earth.
[6] προσηύξατο, verb, aorist middle
indicative, third person singular of προσεύχομαι (πρός + εὔχομαι, see 1:16) or προσεύχεσθαι: pray, especially in the presence, the Shəkinah. 2:2; 4:2 – 2x.
[7] οὐ,
οὐκ, οὐχ, adverb, or particle, indeclensionate from οὐ,
οὐκ, οὐχ, οὐχι: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word,
negating the word; introduces a question expecting an affirmative response;
with μή expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in
statements expressing fact, objectivity, or statement. 1:6, 13; 3:9, 10; 4:2, 10. 11, 11 – 8x; as a
prefix 4:10 – 1x.
[8] ἔτι, adverb, indeclensionate from ἔτι: yet; still, no longer than,
only. 3:4; 4:2 – 2x.
[9] εἶ,
verb, present active indicative, second person singular
εἰμὶ, verb,
present active indicative, first person singular
εἶναι, verb, present active infinitive
ἔσται, verb,
future middle indicative, third person singular
ἐστί, ἐστὶν, verb, present active indicative, third person
singular
ἦν, verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular
ὄντος, verb, present active participle, masculine or neuter genitive singular
εἰμί or εἶναι: to be, exist. 1:7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12; 2:1; 3:3; 4:2, 5, 6
– 12x.
γῆν, noun, feminine accusative singular
γῆ, -ῆς:
earth; land, dirt, dust. 1:13; 2:7; 4:2
– 3x.
[12] προέφθασα, verb, aorist active
indicative, first person singular of προφθάνω
or προφθάνειν: outrun; anticipated,
predicted, prophesied. 4:2 – 1x.
[13]
φεύγων, verb, present active participle, masculine nominative singular
φυγεῖν, verb, aorist active infinitive
φεύγω: to flee; disappear, escape, hide; have recourse, take refuge, shun,
vanish. 1:3, 10; 4:2 – 3x.
[14]
διότι, conjunction, indeclensionate from διότι (διὰ + ὅτι):
causal, because, since, for the reason that, wherefore. 1:10, 12, 14; 4:2 – 4x.
[15] ἔγνωκα,
verb, perfect active indicative, first person singular
ἔγνων, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular
ἔγνωσαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural
γιγνώσκω, γιγνώσκειν,
γινώσκω or γινώσκειν: to know. 1:10, 12; 4:2, 11 – 4x (see ἐπιγνώσκω:
find. 1:7 – 1x).
[16] ὅτι,
conjunction, indeclensionate from ὅτι: causal, because; epexegetical, after
verbs of believing, hoping, sensing; explanatory, that, so that; quotation,
introducing direct or indirect comments.
1:2, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13; 3:10; 4:2, 3 – 9x.
[17] ἐλεήμων, adjective, masculine or
feminine nominative singular of ἐλεήμων,
-ων, -ον: merciful; compassionate, showing pity. 4:2 – 1x.
[18] οἰκτίρμων, adjective, masculine or
feminine nominative singular of οἰκτίρμων,
-ων, -ον: pitying; mourning, lamenting, in
anguish.
4:2 – 1x.
[19] μακρόθυμος,
adjective, masculine or feminine nominative singular of μακρόθυμος, -ος, -ον: great or long suffering; patience, forbearance. 4:2 – 1x.
[20] πολυέλεος,
adjective, masculine or feminine nominative singular of πολυέλεος, -ος, -ον: many-mercied; multi-compassionate.
4:2 – 1x.
[21] μετανοήσει, verb, future active
indicative, third person singular
μετανοῶν, verb, present active participle, masculine
nominative singular
μετενόησεν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular
μετανοέω or μετανοεῖν: in human behavior, repent, to the rear march, not merely about
face; a complete change of direction in life; in Divine behavior, relent. 3:9, 10; 4:2 – 3x.
[22] ἐπὶ,
ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8,
9, 10 – 13x.
[23] κακία, noun, feminine nominative singular
κακίᾳ, noun, feminine dative singular
κακίαις, noun, feminine dative plural
κακίας, noun,
feminine genitive singular or accusative
plural
κακία, -ας: generic evil, badness, evil, filthiness, wickedness. 1:2, 7, 8; 3:10; 4:2 – 5x.
[24]
Jonah is so agitated he begins to pile up words, repeating himself frantically.
[25] νῦν, adverb, indeclensionate of νῦν: now; either temporal, at this
time; or metaphorical, as things stand. 4:3 – 1x.
[26] δέσποτα, noun, masculine vocative
singular of δέσπότης. -ου: lord, master. 4:3 – 1x.
[27] ἔλαβον,
verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular or third person plural
λάβε, verb,
aorist active imperative, second person singular
λαμβάνω or λαμβάνειν: take. 1:15; 4:3 – 2x. verb, aorist active indicative
[28]
ψυχήν, noun, feminine accusative singular
ψυχῆς, noun, feminine genitive singular
ψυχή, -ῆς: soul. 1:14; 2:6, 8; 4:3, 8 – 5x.
[29] ὅτι,
conjunction, indeclensionate from ὅτι: causal, because; epexegetical, after
verbs of believing, hoping, sensing; explanatory, that, so that; quotation,
introducing direct or indirect comments.
1:2, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13; 3:10; 4:2, 3 – 9x.
[30] καλὸν, adjective, masculine accusative singular or neuter nominative or accusative
singular of καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful; good, better, best.
4:3, 8 – 2x.
[31] ἀποθανεῖν, aorist active infinitive
of ἀποθνήσκω or ἀποθνήσκειν: die away; decay, die, dry, fade, rot, wither. 4:3, 8 – 2x.
[32] μᾶλλον, comparative adverb μᾶλλον from μάλα: exceedingly, many; more
exceedingly, more; the basic idea seems to apply more to quantity rather than
quality. 1:11, 13; 4:3 – 3x (see μάλιστα: most exceedingly, most).
[33] ἢ, comparative particle,
indeclensionate of ἤ: or. 4:3,
8, 11, 11 – 4x.
[34] ζῆν, verb, present active
infinitive of ζάω or ζώειν: live. 4:3, 8 – 2x.
[35] εἰ, conditional conjunctive
particle, indeclensionate of εἰ: if. 3:9;
4:4, 9 – 3x.
[36] σφόδρα, adverb, indeclensionate of σφόδρα: vehemently, violently;
very; exceedingly 4:4, 9, 9 – 3x
[37] ἐλυπήθη, verb, aorist passive
indicative, third person singular
λελύπημαι,
verb, perfect passive indicative, first person singular
λελύπησαι,
verb, perfect passive indicative, second person singular
λυπέω
or λυπεῖν: grieve. 4:1. 4, 9, 9 – 4x.
[38]
The question could be introduced with are.
It suggests that Jonah is not really grieved vehemently. Jonah has not wept over the corruption of the
human race as God has wept over the corruption of the human race. Jonah does not understand the problem as God
understands the problem. “If you
had grieved vehemently as I have grieved over the fall of man!”
[39] ἐξῆλθε(ν), verb, aorist active indicative, third
person singular of ἐξέρχομαι or ἐξέρχεσθαι: come or go out of. 4:5 – 1x.
[40] πόλει, , noun, feminine dative
singular
πόλεως, noun, feminine genitive singular
πόλιν, noun, feminine accusative singular
πόλις, noun, feminine nominative
singular
πόλις, -εως: city,
town? 1:2; 3:2, 3, 4; 4:5, 5, 5, 11
[41] ἐκάθισε(ν), aorist active indicative, third person
singular of καθίζω or καθίζειν: sit; set, recline. 3:8; 4:5 – 2x (see κάθημαι).
[42] ἀπέναντι, adverb or preposition,
indeclensionate of ἀπέναντι, ἀπεναντίον: away opposite from; against,
away, in front, opposite. 4:5 – 1x.
[43] ἐποιήσαντο,
verb, aorist middle indicative, third person plural
ἐποίησας, verb, aorist active indicative, second person
singular
ἐποίησε(v), verb, aorist active indicative, third person
singular
πεποίηκας, verb, perfect active indicative, second person
singular
ποιῆσαι, verb, aorist active infinitive
ποιήσομεν,
verb, future active indicative, first person plural
ποιέω or ποιεῖν: create, do, make. 1:5, 9,
10, 11, 14; 3:10, 10; 4:5 – 8x (see also ποῖος).
[44] ἑαυτοῦ,
reflexive pronoun, masculine or neuter genitive singular
ἑαυτῷ,
reflexive pronoun, masculine or neuter dative singular
ἑαυτοῦ, -ῆς,
-οῦ: himself, herself, itself. 3:6; 4:5
– 2x.
[45] ἐκεῖ, adverb, indeclensionate of ἐκεῖ: there. 4:5 – 1x.
[46] σκηνὴν, noun, feminine accusative
singular of σκηνή, -ῆς: tent.
4:5 – 1x.
[47] ἐκάθητο, verb, imperfect middle
indicative, third person singular of κάθημαι or καθῆσθαι: seated. 4:5 – 1x (see καθίζω).
[48] ὑποκάτω, adverb or preposition,
indeclensionate of ὑποκάτω: below,
beneath, under. 4:5 – 1x.
[49] ἕως, adverb, conjunction,
preposition ἕως or noun,
feminine nominative singular of ἕως,
ἕω: As a noun: dawn, early morning. Else: until, till; as far as (of space or
time). 2:6; 3:5; 4:5, 9 – 4x.
[50] οὗ, adverb, indeclensionate of οὗ: where, which. 4:5 – 1x.
[51] ἀπίδῃ, verb, aorist active subjunctive,
third person singular of ἀφοράω (ἀπό + ὁράω):
see away; see clearly without distraction or interruption. 4:5 – 1x.
[52] τί,
interrogative pronoun, neuter nominative or accusative singular
τίνος, interrogative pronoun, genitive singular
τίς, τίς, τί: what, who, why; unaccented
it becomes the indefinite pronoun, anyone, anything, someone, something. 1:6, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11; 3:9; 4:5 – 8x.
[53] εἶ,
verb, present active indicative, second person singular
εἰμὶ, verb,
present active indicative, first person singular
εἶναι, verb, present active infinitive
ἔσται, verb,
future middle indicative, third person singular
ἐστί, ἐστὶν, verb, present active indicative, third person
singular
ἦν, verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular
ὄντος, verb, present active participle, masculine or neuter genitive singular
εἰμί or εἶναι: to be, exist. 1:7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12; 2:1; 3:3; 4:2, 5, 6
– 12x.
[54] προσέταξε(ν),
verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of προστάσσω or προστάσσειν or προστάττειν: command; govern. 2:1, 11; 4:6, 7, 8 – 5x.
[55] κολοκύνθαν, noun, feminine
accusative singular
κολοκύνθῃ, noun,
feminine dative singular
κολοκύνθης,
noun, feminine genitive singular
κολόκυνθα,
-ης: a member of the brassica or cole family, perhaps a variety of
mustard; gourd; the vine and leaves of a gourd. 4:6, 6, 7, 9, 10 – 5x (only Jonah). See Matthew 13:31; 17:20; Mark 4:31; Luke
13:19; 17:6.
[56] ἀναβήτω,
verb, aorist active imperative, third person singular
ἀνέβη, verb, aorist active indicative,
third person singular
ἀναβαίνω or ἀναβαίνειν: to go up, ascend; arise,
mount up. The opposite of καταβαίνω: to go down, descend. Similar to ἐμβαίνω: to go into. 1:2; 2:7; 4:6
[57] ὑπὲρ, preposition, indeclensionate
of ὑπέρ: above; over. 4:6, 10, 10, 11 – 4x.
[58] κεφαλή, noun, feminine nominative
singular
κεφαλὴν,
noun, feminine accusative singular
κεφαλῆς, noun, feminine genitive singular
κεφαλή, ῆς: head of either an animal,
organization, person, or structural column (capital); top. 2:6; 4:6, 6, 8 – 4x.
[59] εἶ,
verb, present active indicative, second person singular
εἰμὶ, verb,
present active indicative, first person singular
εἶναι, verb, present active infinitive
ἔσται, verb,
future middle indicative, third person singular
ἐστί, ἐστὶν, verb, present active indicative, third person
singular
ἦν, verb, imperfect active indicative, third person singular
ὄντος, verb, present active participle, masculine or neuter genitive singular
εἰμί or εἶναι: to be, exist. 1:7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12; 2:1; 3:3; 4:2, 5, 6
– 12x.
[60] σκιὰν, noun, feminine accusative
singular of σκιά, -ᾶς: shade, shadow. 4:6 – 1x.
[61] ὑπεράνω, adverb or preposition,
indeclensionate of ὑπεράνω: upwards;
above. 4:6 – 1x.
[62] σκιάζειν, verb, present active
infinitive of σκιάζω or σκιάζειν: shade; shelter, overshadow.
4:6 – 1x
[63] κακῶν,
adjective, genitive plural of κακος, -η, -ον: generic evil, badness, evil, filthiness, wickedness. 4:6 – 1x (see κακία).
[64] ἐχάρη, verb, aorist passive
indicative, third person singular of χαίρω
or χαίρειν: to be or have joy, rejoice;
be delighted, glad, happy, pleased. 4:6
– 1x (see χαρά).
[65] ἐπὶ,
ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8,
9, 10 – 13x.
[66] χαρὰν, noun, feminine accusative
singular of χαρά, -ᾶς: delight, joy, happiness,
pleasure. 4:6 – 1x (see χαίρω)
[67] μέγα,
adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular
μεγάλη,
adjective, feminine nominative singular
μεγάλην, adjective, feminine
accusative singular
μεγάλης,
adjective, feminine genitive singular
μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular
μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular
μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular
μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on
context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1;
3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.
[68]
Please note the double purpose or result clause. The gourd grows with specific intent. Jonah has his own demons to fight; he is
filled with evils; he needs and receives help.
[69]
The language multiplies: delight upon delight.
This is a gourd! Jonah is
ecstatic over a gourd! On the brink of
mental and spiritual exhaustion caused by his resistance of God, Jonah is about
to collapse. Jonah is receiving the
ministry support he so desperately needs: he most likely does not even realize
his desperation. To become hysterical
over a gourd in the face of a major national and international disaster is out
of proportion to reality. Jonah is
hoping for a hydrogen bomb to hit Nineveh, yet goes nuts over a gourd. We are not being critical of Jonah here; we
are drawing attention to the intensity of stress, which ministers often
undergo.
[70] προσέταξε(ν),
verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of προστάσσω or προστάσσειν or προστάττειν: command; govern. 2:1, 11; 4:6, 7, 8 – 5x.
[71] σκώληκι, noun, masculine dative
singular of σκώληξ, -ικος: worm; larva. 4:7 – 1x.
[72] ἑωθινῇ, adjective, feminine dative
singular of ἑωθινός, -ή, -όν: early; Orthros, in the morning. 4:7 – 1x.
[73] ἐπαύριον, adverb, indeclensionate
of ἐπαύριον: tomorrowly; on
the morrow, on the next day. 4:7 – 1x.
[74] ἐπάταξε(ν),
verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of πατάσσω or πατάσσειν: strike; afflict, attack, destroy, kill. 4:7, 8 – 2x.
[75] κολοκύνθαν, noun, feminine
accusative singular
κολοκύνθῃ, noun,
feminine dative singular
κολοκύνθης,
noun, feminine genitive singular
κολόκυνθα,
-ης: gourd; the vine and leaves of a gourd. 4:6, 6, 7, 9, 10 – 5x (only Jonah).
[76] ἀπεξηράνθη, verb, aorist passive
indicative, third person singular of ἀποξηραίνω or ἀποξηραίνειν: sear away; dry. 4:7 – 1x.
[77] ἐγένετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular
ἐγενήθη, verb, aorist passive
indicative, third person singular
γίνομαι, γίνεσθαι, or γίγνεσθαι: to be born, begotten, created, done; to come about, happen, take place,
become; to fall, belong, turn into; with deity speaking, always in the sense of
creation (when God speaks, new artifacts appear: either physical objects,
spiritual realities, or words which may be recorded as Scripture, acts of
inspiration), formal presentation. 1:1,
4; 3:1; 4:8, 10 – 5x.
[78] ἅμα, adverb or preposition,
indeclensionate of ἅμα: simultaneously;
at the same time, together, both. 4:8 –
1x.
[79] ἀνατεῖλαι, verb, aorist active
optative, third person singular or aorist active infinitive of ἀνατέλλω or ἀνατέλλειν:
cause to arise; appear, rise. 4:8 – 1x,
[80] ἥλιον, noun, masculine accusative
singular
ἥλιος, noun,
masculine nominative singular
ἥλιος, -ου: sun. 4:8, 8 – 2x.
[81] προσέταξε(ν),
verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of προστάσσω or προστάσσειν or προστάττειν: command; govern. 2:1, 11; 4:6, 7, 8 – 5x.
[82] πνεύματι, noun, neuter dative
singular of πνεύμα, -ατος: wind; spirit. 4:8 – 1x.
[83] καύσωνι, noun, masculine dative
singular of καύσων, -ωνος: caustic; burning, fiery,
scorching; scorching heat, east wind, burning heat, summer heat. 4:8 – 1x.
[84] συγκαίοντι, verb, present active
participle, masculine or neuter dative singular of συγκαίω or συγκαίειν: burn, parch. 4:8 – 1x.
[85] ἐπάταξε(ν),
verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of πατάσσω or πατάσσειν: strike; afflict, attack, destroy, kill. 4:7, 8 – 2x.
[86] ἐπὶ,
ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8,
9, 10 – 13x.
[87] κεφαλή, noun, feminine nominative
singular
κεφαλὴν,
noun, feminine accusative singular
κεφαλῆς, noun, feminine genitive singular
κεφαλή, ῆς: head of either an animal,
organization, person, or structural column (capital); top. 2:6; 4:6, 6, 8 – 4x.
[88] ὠλιγοψύχησε(ν),
verb, aorist active indicative, third person singular of ὀλιγοψυχέω or ὀλιγοψυχεῖν: short souled; depressed, discouraged, disheartened, dispirited. 4:8 – 1x.
[89] ἐπελέγετο, verb, aorist middle
indicative, third person singular of ἐπιλέγω (ἐπί + λέγω)
or ἐπiλέγειν: call upon; chose, decide, elect,
pick, remove, select; swear, vow. 4:8 –
1x (see λέγω).
[90]
ψυχήν, noun, feminine accusative singular
ψυχῆς, noun, feminine genitive singular
ψυχή, -ῆς: soul. 1:14; 2:6, 8; 4:3, 8 – 5x.
[91] καλὸν, adjective, masculine accusative singular or neuter nominative or
accusative singular of καλός, -ή, -όν: beautiful; good, better, best.
4:3, 8 – 2x.
[92] ἀποθανεῖν, aorist active infinitive
of ἀποθνήσκω or ἀποθνήσκειν: die away; decay, die, dry, fade, rot, wither. 4:3, 8 – 2x.
[93] ἢ, comparative particle,
indeclensionate of ἤ: or. 4:3,
8, 11, 11 – 4x.
[94] ζῆν, verb, present active
infinitive of ζάω or ζώειν: live. 4:3, 8 – 2x.
[95]
Jonah is not being entirely rational here.
We see now that, for the second time, Jonah has described his stinking
rotting corpse as more beautiful than life.
Unless Jonah will become a saint, whose corpse remains fresh and exudes
sweet perfume, there will be nothing beautiful about his stinking rotting
corpse. Nevertheless, such is the
mystery of prophecy; it is not impossible that Jonah senses the coming of the
resurrection (2 Kings 13:21. Jonah is
Elisha’s successor and may have even witnessed the event; he was most certainly
aware of it).
[96] εἰ, conditional conjunctive
particle, indeclensionate of εἰ: if. 3:9;
4:4, 9 – 3x.
[97] σφόδρα, adverb, indeclensionate of σφόδρα: vehemently, violently;
very; exceedingly 4:4, 9, 9 – 3x
[98] ἐλυπήθη, verb, aorist passive
indicative, third person singular
λελύπημαι,
verb, perfect passive indicative, first person singular
λελύπησαι,
verb, perfect passive indicative, second person singular
λυπέω
or λυπεῖν: grieve. 4:1. 4, 9, 9 – 4x.
[99] ἐπὶ,
ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8,
9, 10 – 13x.
[100] κολοκύνθαν, noun, feminine
accusative singular
κολοκύνθῃ, noun,
feminine dative singular
κολοκύνθης,
noun, feminine genitive singular
κολόκυνθα,
-ης: gourd; the vine and leaves of a gourd. 4:6, 6, 7, 9, 10 – 5x (only Jonah).
[101] ἐλυπήθη, verb, aorist passive
indicative, third person singular
λελύπημαι,
verb, perfect passive indicative, first person singular
λελύπησαι,
verb, perfect passive indicative, second person singular
λυπέω
or λυπεῖν: grieve. 4:1. 4, 9, 9 – 4x.
[102] ἕως, adverb, conjunction,
preposition ἕως or noun,
feminine nominative singular of ἕως,
ἕω: As a noun: dawn, early morning. Else: until, till; as far as (of space or
time). 2:6; 3:5; 4:5, 9 – 4x.
[103] θανάτου, noun, masculine genitive
singular of θάνατος, -ου: death; mortality, pestilence,
plague. 4:9 – 1x.
[104] ἐφείσω, verb, aorist middle
indicative, second person singular
φείσομαι,
verb, aorist middle subjunctive, first person singular
φείδομαι or φείδεσθαι: spare; avoid, concern, conserve, fret, refrain, resist, worry. 4:10, 11 –
2x.
[105] ὑπὲρ, preposition, indeclensionate
of ὑπέρ: above; over. 4:6, 10, 10, 11 – 4x.
[106] κολοκύνθαν, noun, feminine
accusative singular
κολοκύνθῃ, noun,
feminine dative singular
κολοκύνθης,
noun, feminine genitive singular
κολόκυνθα,
-ης: gourd; the vine and leaves of a gourd. 4:6, 6, 7, 9, 10 – 5x (only Jonah).
[107] ἣ, relative pronoun, feminine
nominative singular
ᾗ, relative
pronoun, feminine dative singular
ἧς, relative pronoun, feminine accusative singular
ὃ, relative
pronoun, neuter nominative singular
ὃν, relative pronoun, masculine accusative singular
ὃς, relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular
ὅς,
ἥ, ὅ: who, whom, which, what,
that. 1:9, 14; 2:7; 3:2, 10; 4:10, 10,
11 – 8x.
[108]
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, adverb, or particle, indeclensionate from οὐ,
οὐκ, οὐχ, οὐχι: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word,
negating the word; introduces a question expecting an affirmative response;
with μή expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in
statements expressing fact, objectivity, or statement. 1:6, 13; 3:9, 10; 4:2, 10. 11, 11 – 8x; as a
prefix 4:10 – 1x.
[109] ἐκακοπάθησας, verb, aorist active
indicative, second person singular of κακοπαθέω or κακοπαθεῖν: evil experience; labor, misery, pain, suffering, toil. 4:10 – 1x.
[110] ἐπὶ,
ἐπ᾿, ἐφ᾿, preposition, indeclensionate of ἐπί: on, upon. 1:7, 12, 13, 14; 2:4, 11; 3:6, 10; 4:2, 6, 8,
9, 10 – 13x.
[111]
δὲ, conjunction or particle, indeclensionate of δέ: mildly adversative; yet; but, rather after negative;
introducing apodosis. 1:5; 2:10; 3:3;
4:11 – 4x; also used with negation: μηδὲ or μηδέ: yet not, 3:7, 7 – 2x; οὐδὲ: not even, 4:10 – 1x. Possibly related to the adjective μηδέις: no one or thing; and οὐδέις:
no one, no way.
[112] ἐξέθρεψας, verb, aorist active
indicative, second person singular of ἐκτρέφω or ἐκτρέφειν: run out of; raise up
from childhood, nourish from a seedling, nurture. 4:10 – 1x
[113] ἐγένετο, verb, aorist middle indicative, third person singular
ἐγενήθη, verb, aorist passive
indicative, third person singular
γίνομαι, γίνεσθαι, or γίγνεσθαι: to be born, begotten, created, done; to come about, happen, take place,
become; to fall, belong, turn into; with deity speaking, always in the sense of
creation (when God speaks, new artifacts appear: either physical objects,
spiritual realities, or words which may be recorded as Scripture, acts of
inspiration), formal presentation. 1:1,
4; 3:1; 4:8, 10 – 5x.
[114] ὑπὸ, preposition, indeclensionate
of ὑπό: under. 4:10, 10 – 2x.
[115] νύκτα, noun, feminine accusative
singular
νύκτας, noun,
feminine accusative plural
νύξ, νυκτός: night. 2:1; 4:10, 10 – 3x.
[116] ἀπολώμεθα,
verb, aorist middle subjunctive, first person plural
ἀπώλετο, verb,
aorist middle indicative, third person singular
ἀπολλύω
or ἀπολλύειν:
to let go or loose completely; destroy, free.
1:6, 14; 3:9; 4:10 – 4x.
[117]
δὲ, conjunction or particle, indeclensionate of δέ: mildly adversative; yet; but, rather after negative;
introducing apodosis. 1:5; 2:10; 3:3;
4:11 – 4x; also used with negation: μηδὲ or μηδέ: yet not, 3:7, 7 – 2x; οὐδὲ: not even, 4:10 – 1x. Possibly related to the adjective μηδέις: no one or thing; and οὐδέις:
no one, no way.
[118]
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, adverb, or particle, indeclensionate from οὐ,
οὐκ, οὐχ, οὐχι: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word,
negating the word; introduces a question expecting an affirmative response;
with μή expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in
statements expressing fact, objectivity, or statement. 1:6, 13; 3:9, 10; 4:2, 10. 11, 11 – 8x; as a
prefix 4:10 – 1x.
[119] ἐφείσω, verb, aorist middle
indicative, second person singular
φείσομαι,
verb, aorist middle subjunctive, first person singular
φείδομαι or φείδεσθαι: spare; avoid, concern, conserve, fret, refrain, resist, worry. 4:10, 11 –
2x.
[120] ὑπὲρ, preposition, indeclensionate
of ὑπέρ: above; over. 4:6, 10, 10, 11 – 4x.
[121] πόλει, , noun, feminine dative
singular
πόλεως, noun, feminine genitive singular
πόλιν, noun, feminine accusative singular
πόλις, noun, feminine nominative
singular
πόλις, -εως: city, town?
1:2; 3:2, 3, 4; 4:5, 5, 5, 11
[122]
μέγα, adjective, neuter nominative or accusative singular
μεγάλη,
adjective, feminine nominative singular
μεγάλην, adjective, feminine
accusative singular
μεγάλης,
adjective, feminine genitive singular
μεγάλου, adjective, masculine or neuter genitive singular
μεγάλῳ, adjective, masculine or neuter dative singular
μέγας, adjective, masculine nominative singular
μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα: big, great; many connotations and implicit meanings depending on
context. 1:2, 4, 4, 10, 12, 16; 2:1;
3:2, 3, 5; 4:1, 6, 11 – 13x.
[123] ἣ, relative pronoun, feminine nominative
singular
ᾗ, relative
pronoun, feminine dative singular
ἧς, relative pronoun, feminine accusative singular
ὃ, relative
pronoun, neuter nominative singular
ὃν, relative pronoun, masculine accusative singular
ὃς, relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular
ὅς,
ἥ, ὅ: who, whom, which, what,
that. 1:9, 14; 2:7; 3:2, 10; 4:10, 10,
11 – 8x.
[124] κατοικοῦσι, verb, present active
indicative, third person plural of κατοικέω or κατοικεῖν: house down or under; dwell,
live, inhabit under. 4:11 – 1x.
[125] πλείους, comparative adjective,
masculine or feminine, nominative or accusative plural of πλείων, -ων, -ον from πολύς (many):
more. 4:11 – 1x (see πολύς).
[126] ἢ, comparative particle,
indeclensionate of ἤ: or. 4:3,
8, 11, 11 – 4x.
[127] δώδεκα, cardinal number, noun,
indeclensionate of δώδεκα: twelve. 4:11
– 1x.
[128] μυριάδες, cardinal number, noun,
feminine nominative plural of μυριάς,
-άδος: ten thousand; myriads,
thousands. 4:11 – 1x.
[129] ἄνθρωποι,
noun, masculine nominative plural
ἀνθρώπου, noun, masculine genitive singular
ἀνθρώπων,
noun, masculine genitive plural
ἄνθρώπος, -ου: 1:14; 3:7, 8; 4:11 – 4x.
[130] οἵτινες, relative pronoun,
masculine nominative plural of ὅστις
(ὅς + τις), ἕτις,
ὅτι: any who;
whoever, and the like. 4:11 – 1x (see ὅς).
[131]
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, adverb, or particle, indeclensionate from οὐ,
οὐκ, οὐχ, οὐχι: not; before a verb, negating the sentence; before another word,
negating the word; introduces a question expecting an affirmative response;
with μή expresses absolute or strong prohibition; οὐχι is emphatic; used in
statements expressing fact, objectivity, or statement. 1:6, 13; 3:9, 10; 4:2, 10. 11, 11 – 8x; as a
prefix 4:10 – 1x.
[132] ἔγνωκα,
verb, perfect active indicative, first person singular
ἔγνων, verb, aorist active indicative, first person singular
ἔγνωσαν, verb, aorist active indicative, third person plural
γιγνώσκω, γιγνώσκειν,
γινώσκω or γινώσκειν: to know. 1:10, 12; 4:2, 11 – 4x (see ἐπιγνώσκω:
find. 1:7 – 1x).
[133] δεξιὰν, adjective, feminine
accusative singular of δεξιός, -ά, -όν: right; right hand, Latin – dextra; south. 4:11 – 1x.
[134] ἀριστερὰν, adjective, feminine
accusative singular of ἀριστερός, -ά, -όν: left; left hand, Latin – sinistra; north.
4:11 – 1x.
[135] κτήνη, noun, neuter nominative or
accusative plural of κτῆνος, -ους: animals; domestic animals. 3:7, 8; 4:11 – 3x.
[136] πολλά, adjective, neuter nominative
or accusative plural of πολύς, πολλή, πολύ: many. 4:11 – 1x (see πλείων).
[137]
These are innocent children (innocent, not in terms of the eternal theological
sense of concupiscence and original sin; rather in the sense that they are too
young to have entered into the sins of their parents), and animals which are
also innocent. If we add to this number,
young adults who are not yet warriors with their mates, and full fledged
warriors with their mates, we might suppose a gross population of around half a
million.
[138] If you have been blessed or helped by any of these meditations,
please repost, share, or use any of them as you wish. No rights are reserved. They are designed and intended for your free
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